Sodium propionate

PhEur Natrii propionas USPNF Sodium propionate 

E281 ethylformic acid, sodium salt, hydrate methylacetic acid, sodium salt, hydrate sodium propanoate hydrate sodium propionate hydrate. 

Sodium propionate occurs as colorless transparent crystals or as a granular, free-flowing, crystalline powder. It is odorless, or with a slight characteristic odor, and is deliquescent in moist air. Sodium propionate has a characteristic, slightly cheeselike taste, although by itself it is unpalatable. 

As an excipient, sodium propionate is used in oral pharmaceutical formulations as an antimicrobial preservative. Eike propionic acid, sodium propionate and other propionic acid salts are fungistatic and bacteriostatic against a number of Gram-positive cocci. Propionates are more active against molds than is sodium benzoate, but have essentially no activity against yeasts see Section 10. 

Therapeutically, sodium propionate has been used topically in concentrations up to 10% w/w alone or in combination with other propionates, caprylates, or other antifungal agents, in the form of ointments or solutions for the treatment of dermatophyte infections. Eye drops containing 5% w/v sodium propionate have also been used. See Section 18. 

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Bakery Products. Sorbates are used in and/or on yeast-raised and chemically leavened bakery products. The internal use of sorbates in yeast-raised products at one-fourth the amount of calcium—sodium propionate that is normally added provides a shelf life equal to that of propionate without adversely affecting the yeast fermentation. Sorbates added at one-tenth the propionate level reduce the mix time by 30% (126). This internal treatment combined with an external spray of potassium sorbate can provide the same or an increased shelf life of pan breads, hamburger and hot-dog buns, English muffins, brown-and-serve roUs, and tortillas. The total sorbate useful in or on these baked goods ranges from 0.03 wt % for pan breads to 0.5 wt % for tortillas 0.2—0.3 wt % sorbic acid protects chemically leavened yellow and chocolate cakes (127). Emit-pie fillings and icings can be protected with 0.03—0.1 wt % sorbates. 

The oxidative carbonylation of styrene with carbon monoxide, oxygen, and an aUphatic alcohol in the presence of a palladium salt, a copper salt, and sodium propionate also provides the requisite cinnamate. 

Beet extract is also used as a colorant. Extract is sold as either a concentrate prepared by evaporating beet juice under vacuum to a total soHds content of 40—60%, or as a powder made by spray-dryiag the concentrate. Both products usually contain ascorbic or citric acid as a stabilizer, and a preservative such as sodium propionate. On a dry-weight basis, beet extract typically contains between 0.4 and 1.0% betanin, 80% sugar, 8% ash, and 10% cmde proteia. 

Coumarin formation proceeds via an intramolecular attack by enol ester 9 on the ketone to give 10. Dehydration of 10 then affords coumarin 11. It has been observed that coumarins are favored when higher order homologs of acetic anhydride and their corresponding salts such as propionic anhydride/sodium propionate and butyric anhydride/ sodium butyrate are used. 

Of considerable interest is a reaction of monoarylazo derivatives of B10Hio containing electron-withdrawing substituents in the benzene ring (e.g., 2,4,6-Br3, 4-N02), which was subsequently found by Leyden and Hawthorne (1973, 1975). If the azo coupling system mentioned above (acetonitrile, - 35 °C) is allowed to come to room temperature and is treated with excess sodium propionate, the 1-diazonio-B10H9 anion and the corresponding benzene derivative are formed in considerable yield (52% with the 2,4,6-tribromo derivative as shown in Scheme 12-85). 

Sodium propionate is also often used as an antifungal agent. Calcium is often preferable to sodium, both to reduce sodium levels in the diet and because calcium ions are necessary for the enzyme a-amylase to act on the starches in bread, making them available for the yeast, and improving the texture of the bread. Stale bread is caused by the starch amylose recrystallizing. The enzyme a-amylase converts some of this starch to sugars, which helps prevent recrystallization. 

Sodium propionate is used in bakery products as a mold inhibitor. Like benzoates, propionates prevent microbes from producing the energy they need. However, unlike benzoates, propionates do not require an acidic environment. 

Previously, Yu et al (2005) studied the increase of a co-biopolymer of PHBV by Ralstonia eutropha in a continuous stirred tank reactor. It was found that the productivity rate increased when sodium propionate was used as the carbon source. Later, Yezza et al (2007) investigated the use of maple sap as a carbon for PHB production by A. latus. The productivity of PHB reached 2.6 gH h-i. 

FIG. 8 Potential oscillation at interface o/wl with SDS as surfactant with (A) no electrolyte, (B) with lOOmM NaCl, (C) lOOmM KCl, (D) lOOmM CsCl, (E) lOOmM MgClz, (F) lOOmM CaClj, (G) lOOmM BaClj, (H) lOOmM FeClj, (I) lOOmM NaF, (I) lOOmM NaBr, (K) lOOmM Nal, (L) lOOmM sodium acetate, (M) 100 mM sodium propionate, (N) 100 mM sodium -butyrate, (O) lOOmM sodium w-valerate, ( ) lOOmM tetramethylammonium chloride, (Q) 20mM tetra-ethylammonium chloride, (R) 20 mM tetrapropylammonium chloride, and (S) 20 mM tetrabutyl-ammonium chloride in phase wl. Phase w2 contains 8mM SDS and 5M ethanol and phase o contains 5mM tetrbutylammonium chloride. (Ref. 27.)... 

FIG. 9 Upper potential values, a.sds lower potential values, b.sds of the first oscillation at the interface between phases o and wl of the octanol membrane (A), interfacial potential of a two-phase octanol-water system in the absence of SDS, c.sds (B) and those in the presence of 10 mM SDS (in the case of inorganic electrolyte, 1 mM), d.sds (C)- TMACI tetramethylammonium chloride TEACI tetraethylammonium chloride TPACI tetrapropylammonium chloride TBACI tetra-butylammonium chloride AcNa sodium acetate PrNa sodium propionate, BuNa sodium n-butyrate VaNa sodium w-valerate. (Ref 27.)... 

Sodium propionate normality Propionic acid normality Hydrogen Ion concentration (kmoles/m3) k x 103 (min )... 

Propionic acid is to be made from sodium propionate (A) and HC1 at the rate of 24,000 lb/day according to the reaction... 

It can be prepd by electrolysis of sodium propionate and potassium ethylsucciciate Refs 1) Beil 2, 300-1, (130) [266]... 

Each teaspoon (5 mL) of Phenergan Syrup Fortis contains 25 mg promethazine hydrochloride in a flavored syrup base with a pH between 5.0 and 5.5 alcohol, 1.5%. The inactive ingredients present are artificial and natural flavors, citric acid, saccharin sodium, sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, water, and other ingredients. 

SPECTRA E-I Butyl acetate Butyramide Isobutylamine Laurie acid Sodium propionate... 

FIG. 1 Equivalent conductance (A) for sodium chloride (O), sodium acetate (O), and sodium propionate ( ) at 20°C against the square root of solute concentration (v/cb), as extracted from Fidaleo and Moresi (2005a,b, 2006). The continuous lines were calculated using Eq. 4 and the empirical parameters A0 and ft extracted from Fidaleo and Moresi (2005a,b, 2006). 

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