Deoxycholate

Sodium deoxycholate (H2O) [302-95-4] M 432.6, [aJu +48° (c 1, EtOH). Crystd from EtOH and dried in an oven at 100°. The solution is freed from soluble components by repeated extraction with acid-washed charcoal. 

Purified by dissolving in Triton X-100 and deoxycholate, and by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose and AMP-Sepharose [Grondal and Zimmerman Biochem J 245 805 1987]. 

The example given above of the selection of deoxycholic acid as a SM for the synthesis of cortisol also illustrates the use of a chiral natural substance as synthetic precursor of a chiral TGT. Here the matching process involves a mapping of individual stereocenters as well as rings, functional groups, etc. The synthesis of helminthosporal (105) from (-i-)-carvone (106)21 and the synthesis of picrotoxinin (107) from (-)-carvone (108)22 amply demonstrate this approach employing terpenes as chiral SM s. 

To 1,400 ml of an approximately 50% water/triglycol solution of the potassium salt of cheno-deoxycholic acid, obtained by the Wolff-Kishner reduction (using hydrazine hydrate and potassium hydroxide) from 50 g of 7-acetyl-12-ketochenodeoxycholic acid, 220 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid is added to bring the pH to 2. The solution is stirred and the crude cheno-deoxycholic acid precipitates. The precipitate is recovered and dried to constant weight at about 60°C. About 36 g of the crude chenodeoxycholic acid, melting in the range of 126°-129°C, is obtained. 

Derivatives Acetylated methyl esters are the most suitable derivatives (e.g., deoxycholic acid and cholic acid). 

Chenodeoxycholic acid Deoxycholic acid Lithocholic acid Ursodeoxycholic acid Muricholic acid... 

Lee et al. reported a novel and simple method for delivery of adriamycin using self-aggregates of deoxycholic acid modified chitosan. Deoxycholic acid was covalently conjugated to chitosan via a carbodiimide-mediated reaction generating self-aggregated chitosan nanoparticles. Adriamycin was... 

Among other hosts for inclusion and/or clathrate compounds are deoxycholic... 

A portion of the primary bile acids in the intestine is subjected to further changes by the activity of the intestinal bacteria. These include deconjugation and 7a-dehydroxylation, which produce the secondary bile acids, deoxycholic acid and hthocholic acid. 

Modeling Pardaxin Channel. The remarkable switching of conformation in the presence of detergents or phospholipid vesicles (5) suggests that pardaxin is a very flexible molecule. This property helps to explain the apparent ability of pardaxin to insert into phospholipid bilayers. In addition, it is consistent with the suggestion that the deoxycholate-like aminoglycosteroids (5,7) present in the natural secretion from which pardaxin is purified (5) serve to stabilize its dissociated conformation. The question of the mechanism by which pardaxin assembles within membranes is important for understanding pore formation and its cytolytic activity (5). 

A polyrotaxane with a dendrimer-like structure is known [60]. Based on the observation that [3-CD and sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) 54 forms a 2 1 host guest complex in water, Tato et al. constructed hyperbranched polyrotaxanes 55 by slowly reacting triply branched receptor 53 containing P-CD and NaDC... 

Cherry and Crandall in 1932 (86) used olive oil as substrate with gum acacia as the emufsTfier. This method has served as the basis for a number of modifications that increased the stability of the emulsion, decreased incubation time and gave better precision. When a serum sample is incubated with a stabilized olive oil emulsion, lipase acts at the interface of substrate and water to hydrolyze olive oil into fatty acid plus diglycerides, and to a small extent to monoglycerides and glycerol. The bile salt sodium deoxycholate activates the reaction. These methods measure the liberated fatty acids by titration with a standardized NaOH solution. An indicator such as phenolphatalein, thymolphthalein or methyl red or a pH meter are used to detect the end point. 

Use of 10 pm LiChrosorb RP18 column and binary eluent of methanol and aqueous 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 4.0) according to suitable gradient elution program in less than 20-min run time with satisfactory precision sensitivity of spectrophotometric detection optimized, achieving for all additives considered detection limits ranging from 0.1 to 3.0 mg/1, below maximum permitted levels Simultaneous separation (20 min) of 14 synthetic colors using uncoated fused silica capillary column operated at 25 kV and elution with 18% acetonitrile and 82% 0.05 M sodium deoxycholate in borate-phosphate buffer (pH 7.8), recovery of all colors better than 82%... 

If a patient is non-neutropenic and has never received prior azole therapy, fluconazole 800 mg/day is an appropriate first-line therapy for invasive candidiasis until identification of the Candida isolate. Amphotericin B deoxycholate 0.7 mg/kg per day or caspofungin 70 mg on day 1, then 50 mg/day, voriconazole, or a lipid amphotericin B formulation are recommended as empiric therapy in patients with neutropenic fever. 

Amphotericin B is the mainstay of treatment of patients with severe endemic fungal infections. The conventional deoxycholate formulation of the drug can be associated with substantial infusion-related adverse effects (e.g., chills, fever, nausea, rigors, and in rare cases hypotension, flushing, respiratory difficulty, and arrhythmias). Pre-medication with low doses of hydrocortisone, acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, and meperidine is common to reduce acute infusion-related reactions. Venous irritation associated with the drug can also lead to thrombophlebitis, hence central venous catheters are the preferred route of administration in patients receiving more than a week of therapy. 

Amphotericin B deoxycholate 0.5-1 mg/kg IV daily Premedication with acetaminophen and diphenhydramine 500 mL normal saline boluses before and after. 

Polar and coordinatively active functional groups are structural elements frequently found in the constitution of crystal inclusion hosts, mainly including conventional host molecules7 . Typical examples are urea (2), thiourea (5), hydroquinone (4), Dianin s compound (5), deoxycholic add (6) or simply water (Fig. 1). This was the reason to assume that functional groups play an important part in the construction of crystal inclusion compounds. 

Also deoxycholic acid (6) crystallizes in an inclusion lattice with channel-shaped cavities 13). Figure 3 shows that they are formed by facing molecules of deoxycholic acid, 4). This characteristic structural unit is a double layer of head-to-tail linked deoxycholic acid molecules at which specific H-bridges between hydroxy and carboxy groups are the decisive fact. The channels as such (e.g. in case of the orthorhombic crystal, see Fig. 3) are lined with lipophilic groups. Thus only van der Waals contacts are kept between the included guest molecules (also for polar molecules like acetone, Fig. 3) and the molecules of the channel wall. 

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