SOD

Ha S, J Gao, B Tidor, J W Brady and M Karplus 1991. Solvent Effect on the Anomeric Equilibrium in d Glucose A Free Eneigy Simulation Analysis. Journal of the American Chemical Sod. ty 113 1553-1557... 

It is a general observation that herbicide degradation occurs more readily ia cultivated than fallow sod, suggesting that rhizosphere organisms are effective herbicide degraders. Whether this can be effectively exploited ia a phytoremediatioa strategy remains to be seea. 

Physical requirements of fluid fertilizers include freedom from sediments, suitably low viscosity, low vapor pressure, and noncorrosivity with regard to available handling equipment. Using anhydrous ammonia, the chief physical concerns, are in the safety of handling under pressure and the minimizing of vapor loss during injection into the sod. 

Direct Application Rock. Finely ground phosphate rock has had limited use as a direct-appHcation fertilizer for many years. There have been widely varying results. Direct appHcation of phosphate rock worldwide amounts to about 8% of total fertilizer phosphate used, primarily in the former Soviet Union, France, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The agronomic effectiveness of an apatitic rock depends not only on the fineness of the grind but also strongly on the innate reactivity of the rock and the acidity of the sod performance is better on more acid sods. Probably more than half of the potentially productive tropical sods are acidic, some with pH as low as 3.5—4.5. Certain phosphate rocks may thus become increasingly important as fertilizer in those areas. The International Fertilizer Development Center at Muscle Shoals, Alabama is active in researching this field (30). 

Resistance to Microorganisms and Insects. Resistance of triacetate to microorganisms, based on soil-burial tests, is high, approaching that of polyester, acryUc, and nylon fibers. Sod-burial test results on acetate, triacetate, and cotton are shown in Figure 8. Neither acetate nor triacetate fiber is readdy attacked by moths or carpet beedes. 

Fig. 8. The resistance of cellulose fibers to biological attack via sod-burial testing.

Searching a crime scene is a complex process (25), involving poHce, crime scene technicians, and forensic scientists. The procedure requires careful documentation, collection, and preservation of the evidence. Trace evidence (26) in criminal investigations typically consists of hairs (27,28) both natural and synthetic fibers (qv) (29,30), fabrics glass (qv) (31,32) plastics (33) sod plant material budding material such as cement (qv), paint (qv), stucco, wood (qv), etc (34), flammable fluid residues (35,36), eg, in arson investigations explosive residues, eg, from bombings (37,38) (see Explosives and propellents), and so on. 

Microscopy (qv) plays a key role in examining trace evidence owing to the small size of the evidence and a desire to use nondestmctive testing (qv) techniques whenever possible. Polarizing light microscopy (43,44) is a method of choice for crystalline materials. Microscopy and microchemical analysis techniques (45,46) work well on small samples, are relatively nondestmctive, and are fast. Evidence such as sod, minerals, synthetic fibers, explosive debris, foodstuff, cosmetics (qv), and the like, lend themselves to this technique as do comparison microscopy, refractive index, and density comparisons with known specimens. Other microscopic procedures involving infrared, visible, and ultraviolet spectroscopy (qv) also are used to examine many types of trace evidence. 

Pseudomonas. These gram-aegative bacteria are a diverse group of microbes that iahabit plants, water, and sod. Pseudomonads are metabohcaHy versatile, capable of carrying out chemical transformations, mineralization of organic compounds, and colonization on plant roots (16). The use of Pseudomonads strains ia the clean up of chemical wastes and od spills has drawn considerable attention. 

Separation. In this function, the geotextile serves to separate two dissimilar materials (Fig. 3), eg, two different soils, landfill material and the native soil, stone material and subgrade sod, old and new pavement, foundation sods and various types of wads, or one of many other similar situations. In some instances, it is difficult to distinguish between the separation and stabilization functions because in both situations the geotextde is serving as a separator. However, in stabilization some additional phenomena occur. 

In separation, the primary function of the geotextde is to prevent intmsion of one material into another in order to prevent contamination of either material by the other. In the case of an aggregate being placed over a firm foundation sod, the purpose is to maintain the drainage integrity of the aggregate wad apphcation is similar. In landfdl appHcation, the purpose is to prevent intmsion of waste material into the leachette codector system. 

In order for it to perform the reinforcement function, the geotextde must be allowed to deform to develop its strength. When stabilization of a site occurs, there is consolidation of the sod, and with this comes deformation of the geotextde. Due to the deformation of the geotextde, strength is required to ensure that a site fadure does not occur, ie, there can be a reinforcement component in the stabilization process. 

Areas where geotextdes are used as reinforcement include embankment constmction, reinforced sod wad. constmction, and slope improvement. In reinforcement, the physical properties of importance are primarily related to strength, that is, a combination of the stress—strain characteristics of the material. 

Filtration. Here the prime function is to retain sod or other fine materials, whde allowing water to pass through. Again, it is seen that more than one function is being performed (Fig. 6). If there were no drainage of water taking place, movement, and therefore retention of the sod, would not be of concern. 

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