Soaps Applications

Excellent foaming in both hard and soft water. Mild to hair and skin. Compatible in alkaline or acid-balanced surfactant systems. Great for soap applications, shampoos and conditioners. 

People are increasingly requesting milder products for the skin, and the new generation of antibacterial soaps are surfactant-based formulas specially developed to be effective and well as mild. A recent publication [16] reviewed antibacterial soaps, applicable legislation, applicable efficacy tests, and new formulation trends. 

A selection of important anionic surfactants is displayed in table C2.3.1. Carboxylic acid salts or tire soaps are tire best known anionic surfactants. These materials were originally derived from animal fats by saponification. The ionized carboxyl group provides tire anionic charge. Examples witlr hydrocarbon chains of fewer tlran ten carbon atoms are too soluble and tliose witlr chains longer tlran 20 carbon atoms are too insoluble to be useful in aqueous applications. They may be prepared witlr cations otlrer tlran sodium. 

These thermoplastic pigments found application in a much wider range of finished products. New, large-volume applications included coated paper for labels and point of purchase signage, gravure for soap box cartons and bright textiles for fashion, and safety applications. 

Stannic chloride is also used widely as a catalyst in Eriedel-Crafts acylation, alkylation and cycHzation reactions, esterifications, halogenations, and curing and other polymerization reactions. Minor uses are as a stabilizer for colors in soap (19), as a mordant in the dyeing of silks, in the manufacture of blueprint and other sensitized paper, and as an antistatic agent for synthetic fibers (see Dyes, application and evaluation Antistatic agents). 

Tyj)e of dryer Applicable with dry-product recirculation True and colloidal solutions emulsions. Examples inorganic salt solutions, extracts, milk, blood, waste liquors, rubber latex, etc. Pumpable suspensions. Examples pigment slurries, soap and detergents, calcium carbonate, bentonite, clay sbp, lead concentrates, etc. does not dust. Recirculation of product may prevent sticking Examples filter-press cakes, sedimentation sludges, centrifuged sobds, starch, etc. 

The majority of spray dryers in commercial use employ cocurrent flow of gas and solids. Countercurrent-flow diyers are used primarily for diying soaps and detergents. Their classif ng ability is useful in these applications. Air flow is upward, cariying entrained fines from the top of the chamber. The coarse product settles and is removed... 

In the early days of the commercial development of PVC, emulsion polymers were preferred for general purpose applications. This was because these materials exist in the form of the fine primary particles of diameter of the order of 0.1-1.0 p,m, which in the case of some commercial grades aggregate into hollow secondary particles or cenospheres with diameters of 30-100 p,m. These emulsion polymer particles have a high surface/volume ratio and fluxing and gelation with plasticisers is rapid. The use of such polymers was, however, restricted because of the presence of large quantities of soaps and other additives necessary to emulsion polymerisation which adversely affect clarity and electrical insulation properties. 

Greases may be made by blending the polymer with an inert filler such as a fine silica, carbon black or metallic soap. The silicone-silica greases are used primarily as electrical greases for such applications as aircraft and car ignition systems. 

Suitable organic solvents, such as ether, benzene, naphtha and the like, are more soluble than in water. This makes it possible to separate them from other substances which may accompany them in the water solution but which are not soluble in the solvents employed. Hence, one application of solvent extraction is the analytical determination of unsaponifiable oils and waxes in admixture with fatty material by submitting the mixture to vigorous saponification with alcoholic potash or, if necessary, sodium ethylate, and to dilute the product with water and extract with petroleum ether. The soaps remain in the aqueous solution while the unsaponifiable oils and waxes dissolved in the ether. The addition of a salt to an aqueous solution prior to extraction is sometimes practiced in some processes. In older processes, SOj is employed in the separation of aromatic and highly saturated hydrocarbons, taking advantage of the much greater solubility of the solubility of the aromatics and... 

Hardness Calcium and magnesium salts in the forms of CaCOj, Ca, Mg. This is the primary source of scaling in heat exchange equipment, boilers, pipelines/transfer lines, etc. Tends to form curds with soap and interferes with dyeing applications as well. 

The sense of touch allows one to determine if water is hard or soft. For a domestic application in a hard-water area, more soap is required to produce lather than is required in a soft-water area. 

The plate heat exchanger can also be used for evaporation of highly viscous fluids when the evaporation occurs in plate or the liquid flashes after leaving the plate. Applications generally have been restricted to the soap and food industries. The advantage of these units is their ability to concentrate viscous fluids of up to 50 poise. 

These are generally reserved for specialist applications, and are in the main more costly than conventional soap-based greases. The most common substances used as nonsoap thickeners are silica and clays prepared in such a way that they form gels with mineral and synthetic oils. Other materials that have been used are carbon black, metal oxides and various organic compounds. 

Greases are also made from soaps of strontium, barium and aluminum. Of these, aluminum-based grease is the most widely used. It is insoluble in water and very adhesive to metal. Its widest application is in the lubrication of vehicle chassis. In industry, it is used for rolling-mill applications and for the lubrication of cams and other equipment subject to violent oscillation and vibration, where its adhesiveness is an asset. 

The individual characteristics and uses of the basic grades of the austenitic irons are given in Table 3.55. The major uses for these materials occur in the handling of fluids in the chemical and petroleum industries and also in the power industry and in many marine applications. The austenitic irons are also used in the food, soap and plastics industries where low corrosion rates are essential in order to avoid contamination of the product. Ni-Resist grades Type 2, 3 or 4 are generally used for such applications but the highly alloyed Type 4 Ni-Resist is preferred where low product contamination is of prime importance. 

The smearing types of material are usually lubricating grease compositions, i.e. blends of soaps and lubricating oil, biit may be mixtures containing petrolatum, oil, lanolin or fatty material. They are softer than the hot-dip materials to pOrmit cold application by smearing. 

Vollmar, Petterson, and Petruzzelli27 in 1949 disclosed that the following commercial applications of comparative absorptiometry were being made in the petroleum industry sulfur in hydrocarbon mixtures, tetraethyllead fluid in gasoline, additives (such as metal soaps) in lubricating oils, and the metal content of metallo-organic derivatives. Complete documentation of subsequent developments in the petroleum industry is out of place here but it is easy to cite proof that comparative absorptiometry has been successful in that industry.27 32... 

It can be shown, (Gibbs, Scientific Papers, I. J. J. Thomson, Applications of Dynamics to Physics and Chemistry), that a chemical equilibrium can be modified by the action of capillary forces. Thus, a state of equilibrium in solution may conceivably be modified if the latter is in the form of thin films, such as soap bubbles. Since, according to Freundlich (Kapillarchemie, 116), there is at present no direct evidence of the existence of such modification (which would no doubt be exceedingly, though possibly measurably, small) we shall not enter any further into the matter here. 

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