Soaking injury

Eye contact with either the liquid or high concentrations of vapor causes immediate discomfort with conjunctival hyperemia and slight corneal injury corneal burns from splashes recover quickly with no scarring. Prolonged skin exposure, as from contact with soaked clothing, produces severe irritation, moderate edema, and necrosis systemic effects may ensue as the liquid is readily absorbed through the skin. ... 

There has been much interest in the injuries to plants from environmental S02 emissions. These injuries may be caused by aqueous S02 or by the entrance of S02 through the stomata (Taekemoto and Noble, 1986). The general symptom of S02 toxicity is water-soaked areas on the leaves which develop into well-defined dry white necrotic spots (Mansfield and Lucas, 1990). Although acute S02 damage is quite common, the occurrences are usually very localised near the source, and related to weather conditions favouring slow dispersion of the gas. 

Sulfur Dioxide. S02 injury on plants has received much attention, particularly during the past half century, and the toxic effects are well known. Symptoms of acute injury to specific crops have been described by investigators in several countries (2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 15). Acute necrosis results from rapid absorption of S02. Once S02 enters the mesophyll tissue, it reacts with water to produce the sulfite ion which has strong phytotoxic properties. When lethal concentrations accumulate in the most susceptible areas of the leaf, a dark green, water-soaked discoloration develops. The affected area soon becomes flaccid, and upon drying becomes white to ivory on most plants. In some instances the dead tissue may turn red, brown, or almost black. 

Sulfur dioxide injury usually starts at the tip of pine needles and extends toward the base as successive exposures produce more severe injury. Young needles, produced during the current growing season, are more sensitive than older needles. High concentrations of S02 usually cause a water-soaked area which subsequently turns reddish-brown or orange-red. Injury may first appear as a dark band around the needle with the tip portion turning brown later. Successive exposure to injurious levels of SOo may then produce dark-colored bands on the brown, necrotic part of the needle. 

One of the earliest indications of ozone injury on several plant species is an upper surface discoloration with a waxy appearance. This symptom often disappears completely a few hours after exposure is terminated. High dosages of ozone cause permanent necrotic lesions on susceptible leaf tissue. Permeability of cell membranes is apparently disrupted, and cell contents are allowed to leak into the intercellular spaces producing a water-soaked appearance. Upon drying, the tissue will totally collapse and turn white or various shades of brown. Lesions which extend through the entire thickness of the leaf are commonly referred to as bifacial... 

Very high dosages of PAN will produce bifacial necrosis. A diffuse, transverse band across the leaf blade first appears water-soaked, then dries to produce a white to tan-colored necrotic band. Injury usually develops at the tip of week-old leaves at the base of the third or fourth older leaf and as a diffuse band across intermediate-aged leaves. The tip and base of the intermediate-aged leaf will remain free of injury. 

Roots with jagged cracks. Causes Freezing injury uneven soil moisture cavity spot. Temperatures below 30°F cause cracked roots with a water-soaked appearance. Protect roots with mulch before temperatures fall. 

Seed pods pitted, discolored, or with water-soaked areas. Cause Cold injury. Prevent damage by protecting plants with row cover when cold nights are expected. 

Roots with small, water-soaked spots or pits on sur ce. Cause Cold injury. Protect plants with mulch if temperatures are below 30° E... 

Symptoms Symptoms of cold injury can be similar to sunscald symptoms blotchy, water-soaked areas on leaves. Shoot tips often die back (see stem damage photograph on page 396). 

How to Use Soak 3 ounces of finely minced garlic cloves in 2 teaspoons of mineral oil for at least 24 hours. Add 1 pint of water that has V4 ounce of liquid dish soap mixed into it. Stir well and strain into a gla.ss jar for storage. Combine 1-2 tablespoons of this concentrate with 1 pint of water to make a spray. Test your mixture on a few leaves to check for injury caused by the oil and soap damage may not appear for 2-3 days. Spray plants thoroughly to ensure good coverage. 

Treat extravasation injury with warm soaks, and injection of hyaluronidase... 

Prevent ileus treat constipation aggressively doses range from 1-1.4 mg/m (max) doses are traditionally capped at 2 mg to minimize neurotoxicity, but capping is controversial Reduce dose by 50% for total bilirubin 1.5-3 mg/dL by 75% for total bilirubin >3 mg/dL treat extravasation injury with warm soaks, and injection of hyaluronidase LETHAL if administered intrathecally ... 

Many DPE herbicides produce injury upon contact with plant foliage. Injury symptoms become evident as a "water-soaked appearance. This is generally thought to result from a leakage of cellular constituents into the intercellular air spaces of the leaf. 

As later with other weapons of unfamiliar efiect, the chlorine terrorized and bewildered. Men threw down their rifles and decamped. Medical officers at aid stations were suddenly overwhelmed with casualties the cause of whose injuries was unknown. Chemists among the men who survived the attack recognized chlorine quickly enough, however, and knew how easy it was to neutralize within a week the women of London had sewn 300,000 pads of muslin-wrapped cotton for soaking in hyposulfite— the first crude gas masks. 

In the event of a spill, remove all ignition sources, soak up the acrolein with a spUl pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Respiratory protection should be employed owing to the risk of severe eye, nose, and respiratory injury. 

Surgical staff should wear appropriate protective clothing and equipment, which can protect from unwanted fluid splash or sharps injuries. PPE includes gloves, face masks, soak-proof gowns, impervious boots or shoe covers, face shields, and other eye protection devices. Make safety scalpels with movable shields or retracting blades available to surgeons and other operating room personnel. 

Clothing soaked in chemicals can do serious injury to the body so you need to remove all contaminated clothing, including shoes, socks, and jewelry that might have chemicals trapped on them. Do not attempt to wipe off the chemical from the clothing. 

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