South-East Asia Region

A wide range of insecticides from all major groups is used for public health purposes. For malaria control, only WP formulations are used for indoor residual spraying, while EC formulations are used as larvicides. UL and thermal fogging with malathion or pyrethroids have been used during malaria epidemics. For insecticide-treated mosquito 

Except for malaria, only limited information is available on the quantities of insecticides used for particular vector-borne disease control programmes and other public health purposes, but it has been observed that large amounts are being used for dengue vector control. 

Biological larvicides have been introduced for malaria and dengue control in many countries. Locally manufactured biological larvicides are available. Personal protection measures have been promoted by control programmes, including the use of insect repellents, mosquito coils, mats and aerosols. Household pesticide use is increasing in India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Thailand. 

---

The continued use of ABS in some small markets, for example the South East Asia region, despite the advantages offered by LAS in terms of performance characteristics such as foam generation and detergency [75,76], seems to be linked to political situations (oleochemical producer pressure) rather than to any other economical justification. 

Disease Vector Africa Latin Ameri- ca Eastern Mediterranean region (Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Somalia, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan) South-East Asia region (India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Indonesia) Western Pacific region (China, Malaysia Vietnam)... 

Vector borne diseases are the major problem in South East Asia region too. About 1 billion people are living in malaria endemic areas with about 3 min cases of malaria annually. Epidemics are common. All basic chemicals are used for vector control. In 1990, DDT was used in 7 countries, but after 1997 only 3 continue to use it against malaria, while Bangladesh reserved DDT only against kala-azar. 

Both CEPIS (Council of European Professional Information Societies) and SEARCC (South East Asia Regional Computer Coirfederation) have produced guidelines to assist member societies in preparation of codes of ethics. The major difference is that the CEPIS guidelines include reference to human rights and to the offering of inducements or bribes, while the SEARCC ones do not. 

Introduction and commercial application Investment opportunities in the exploration and production (E P) sector of oil and gas business are abundant. Despite areas such as the North Sea, Gulf of Mexico and the North Slope in Alaska being mature areas, there are still many new fields under development in those regions, and new areas of business interest are opening up in South America, Africa and South East Asia. Some fields which have a production history of decades are being redeveloped, such as the Pedernales Field in Venezuela. 

Aluminium is also a possible cause of the high frequency of sclerosis and Parkinsonian dementia among the natives of certain regions of South East Asia, where the soils are high in Al(III) and low in Mg2+ and Ca2+. 

As a consequence of intensive application of mineral fertilizers, nitrogen and phosphorus biogeochemical provinces have been formed in many regions, for instance, in Central and South East Asia, East Europe, etc. 

As regards the pollutants monitoring, from the measurements available so far it could be concluded that acid rain is coming to be a major problem in Asia. In many industrially developed and new developed countries such as Japan, China, Taiwan, South Korea, Thailand etc., values of pH <5 are encountered at many sites, and they represent more than 50% of monitored rain events on a regional scale. In some developing countries of South-East Asia (Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia) most rainwater pH measurements tend to be around 5.6, the pH of natural rainwater, and the acid rain precipitation is mainly due to localized industrial pollution. There is some evidence that pH values below 5 at unpolluted sites may be due to the contribution of weak organic acids, such as formic and acetic acids (Radojevic, 1998). 

Amphiroa Amphiroa fragilissima Widespread in tropical and subtropical region Europe, Atlantic Is., North America, Central America, Caribbean Is., South America, Africa, Indian Ocean Is., South-west Asia, Asia, South-east Asia, Australia and New Zealand, and Pacific Is. 

All over the world, regional cooperation is essential. In 2007, UNODC looks forward to the opening of regional counter-narcotic information-sharing centres in Central Asia and the Gulf. The time is ripe to consider the creation of a similar mechanism to facilitate drug-related intelligence cooperation in South East Asia. 

Amphetamine production continues to be primarily located in Europe, notably in the Netherlands and Poland, followed by the Baltic region and Belgium. Amphetamine production also takes place in North America (notably in the USA) and in South-East Asia. 

Despite the overall increase in the global supply of opiates there is an ongoing stabilization, or slow-down, in most of the main consumer markets, including West and Central Europe, North America, East and South-East Asia and the Oceania region. The consumer market for heroin in North America seem to be stable to declining, possibly reflecting a lower supply push from producer countries in South America and the shortage of opiates from South-East Asia. 

Cultivation in South-East Asia continues to decline. Since 1998, South-East Asia s share of world opium poppy cultivation has fallen from 67 per cent to only 12 per cent in 2006. Much of this has been due to large declines in cultivation in Myanmar, where cultivation declined a further 34 per cent to 21,500 ha in 2006. There are several important elements to this decline. Remarkably, no opium cultivation was observed in the Wa region in 2006, which had accounted for 30 per cent of national opium poppy cultivation in the previous year. Also, contrary to the national trend, a large increase in cultivation was observed in the South Shan State, which increased its share of national cultivation... 

The consumer markets in North America appear to have contracted, but there has been an increase of cannabis use in Africa and in most countries of South America. The situation in Europe is mixed. A decline of cannabis use was found in the Oceania region, which has the world s highest levels of prevalence rates for cannabis. Countries of East South-East Asia showed stable or declining cannabis consumption trends while in South-Asia, South-West Asia and Central Asia the reported trends suggest an increase. 

The largest producers in the Near East South-West Asia region are Afghanistan, followed by Lebanon and... 

Pakistan (in all of these countries, however, cannabis herb production is far less important than the production of cannabis resin). Important producers in South-Asia are India, Nepal and Sri Lanka and important producers in South South-East Asia include the Philippines and Indonesia, followed, at lower levels, by Thailand. The largest cannabis producer in the Oceania region is Australia. 

The next largest resin seizures were made in the Near Middle East / South-West Asia region (18% of the world total). The largest seizures here were reported by Pakistan (40% of all Asian cannabis resin seizures), followed by Iran (30%) and Afghanistan (18%). The Near East (defined as the Arabian peninsula, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel and Iraq) accounted for 10 per cent of cannabis resin seizures made in Asia the remaining 2 per cent were made in other parts of Asia. 

Asia has the lowest prevalence rates (1.9%), reflecting low levels reported from East and South-East Asia (0.9%). For South Asia, estimates show an average prevalence rate of 3.2 per cent for the Near and Middle East region 3.5 per cent and for Central Asia 4.2 per cent, i.e. all regions in Asia, except for East-South-East Asia, are close to the global average. 

The general rise in the cannabis trend indicator was due to increasing cannabis use perceived by the authorities in most of Africa, several parts of Asia (South-Asia, South-West Asia and Central Asia) and most of South America. This more than offset declines perceived in North America and some European countries, as well as the stabilization or declines perceived in several countries of East and South-East Asia. Trend data for Oceania suggest stabilization at lower levels, after cannabis use had fallen for several years, though there are some indications that the downward trend in the region actually continued. Cannabis use trends in Europe showed a mixed picture, with increases perceived in East and South-East Europe and stabilization or decline reported from several West European countries. 

During the period 2004-05, the world s largest ATS seizures took place in East and South-East Asia (32 per cent), followed by West and Central Europe (25 per cent), and North America (18 per cent). Seizures in North Africa (6 per cent), mainly reflect Maxiton Forte in Egypt. Similarly seizures in the Near and Middle East Region (6 per cent), are Captagon tablets seized in Saudi Arabia and neighbouring countries. 

If the 2005 data were considered in isolation, East and South-East Asia accounted for 38 per cent of global ATS seizures, West and Central Europe for 18 per cent, North America for 17 per cent and the Oceania region as well South-East Europe, North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa for 4 per cent each. 

---