Ecotoxicological test

The invertebrate phyla are often neglected in ecotoxicological testing protocols. A token invertebrate species such as the copepod Daphnia may be used to evaluate the effects on extremely diverse phyla. This neglects the diversity of biochemical and physiological functions that may render different phyla vulnerable to different classes of compound at different stages of their life cycles. 

Despite these interesting developments, it has been pointed out [11,517] that because of the relatively small market and the costs of registration and ecotoxicological testing, it is currently unlikely that novel agents designed specifically for wool could be marketed economically. Any further advances are likely to be spin-offs from agricultural pesticide developments. 

In ecotoxicology testing, the invertebrate phyla are often omitted, or a single species such as the midge Chironomus riparius or the common mussel Mytilus edulis may be... 

In many studies on solid waste in which ecotoxicological tests have been used, little attention has been given to such aspects as the selection of test species, sensitivity of the tests, and the... 

Although ecotoxicological testing is the only valid approach to establish the real hazard of effluent discharges, it is seldom practiced in routine unless it is explicitly imposed by legislation, which is the case in only a few countries. 

Chemical analyses are mainly used for detecting hazard of liquid and solid wastes [175]. Governmental orders and laws regulate the evaluation of hazard of effluent by toxicological tests. Waste control includes the determination of 30 chemical parameters, coliform count, and the result of ecotoxicological test (D. magna test). Category of toxicity ... 

Dive, D. Persoone, G. Protozoa as test organisms in marine ecotoxicology luxury or necessity In Ecotoxicological Testing for the Marine Environment, Persoone, G., Jaspers, E., Claus, C., Eds. State Univ. Ghent and Inst. Mar. Sci. Res. Belgium, 1984 Vol. 1, 281-306. 

This paper discusses the quality assurance procedures for ecotoxicology laboratories. It will attempt to concentrate on those areas that are of particular concern to those individuals determining the toxicity of chemicals to fish and wildlife (ecotoxicology testing). 

Most of the ecotoxicology tests involving birds and/or small... 

With the exception of the special handling required for the test water, wild birds and fish, facilities that conduct routine mammalian toxicity studies should be adequate to conduct ecotoxicology testing. 

There has not been the same demand for ecotoxicology testing of mammals because the Agency has routinely extended the results of... 

Fentem, J. and Balls, M. (1993) Replacement of fish in ecotoxicology testing use of bacteria, other lower organisms and fish cells in vitro, in M. Richardson (ed.), Ecotoxicology Monitoring, VCH Publishers, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 71-81. 

MacGregor, D.J. and Wells, P.G. (1984) The role of ecotoxicological testing of effluents and chemicals in the Environmental Protection Service, A working paper for E.P.S., Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, November 1984, 56 pp. 

Sosak-Swiderska, B. and Tyrawska, D. (1996) The role of algae in ecotoxicological tests, in M. Richardson (ed.), Environmental Xenobiotics, Taylor Francis Books Ltd, London, England, pp. 

IGETG Inter-Govemmental Ecotoxicological Testing Group... 

SELECTION OF ECOTOXICOLOGICAL TESTS FOR A REPRESENTATIVE TEST BATTERY... 

Detecting and identifying toxic compounds in environmental samples (compounds with unknown structures and properties) require the use of time-consuming, costly methods to isolate them from the matrix, then the application of complex techniques to separate the compounds present in an extract, and finally the determination of their structure (identification). Applying such a procedure to all samples collected from a selected area is very expensive. Samples therefore need to be selected, for example, with the aid of the results of ecotoxicological tests samples with the determined toxicity may contain toxic compounds. 

A clear correlation between the results of chemical analysis and biotests is lacking, which precludes the separate application of these two types of tests. Ecotoxicological tests do, however, provide additional information on the state of the environment. They indicate the need for further, more detailed analytical studies, the aim of which should be to identify in samples those compounds not yet covered by current chemical monitoring programs, and whose presence in the environment is not yet controlled by any legal regulations on environmental protection. 

Galassi, S., L. Guzzella, and V. Croce. 2004. Screening organic micropollutants in surface waters by SPE extraction and ecotoxicological testing. Chemosphere 54 1619-1624. 

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