Skolnik

Third Chemical Congress of North America, American Chemical Society, June, 1988, Toronto, Canada, Herman Skolnik Award Symposum, Scientific... 

For books on the chemical literature, see Wolman Chemical Information, 2nd ed. Wiley NY, 1988 Maizell How to Find Chemical Information, 2nd ed. Wiley NY, 1987 Mellon Chemical Publications, 5th ed. McGraw-Hill NY, 1982, Skolnik The Literature Matrix of Chemistry, Wiley NY, 1982 Antony Guide to Basic Information Sources in Chemistry Jeffrey Norton Publishers NY, 1979 Bottle Use of the Chemical literature Butterworth London, 1979 Woodbum Using the Chemical Literature Marcel Dekker NY, 1974. For a three-part article on the literature of organic chemistry, see Hancock J. Chem. Educ., 1968, 45, 193, 260, 336. 

D. Stanley Tarbell. Organic Chemistry, 1876-1976. In A Century of Chemistry The Role of Chemists and the American Chemical Society. Herman Skolnik and Kenneth M. Reese, eds. (1976) 339-350. Also appeared as The Past 100 Years in Organic Chemistry. Chemical and Engineering News. 54 (Apr. 6, 1976) 110-123. Source for available technology. 

Herman Skolnik and Kenneth M. Reese, eds. A Century of Chemistry and the American Chemical Society. Washington, DC American Chemical Society, 1976. Source for environmental division. 

Popik P., Layer R., Skolnik P. The putative anti-addictive drug ibogaine is a competitive inhibitor of pH]MK-801 binding to the NMDA receptor complex. Psychopharmacology. 114 672, 1994. 

R. Gulick, Z. Su, C. Flexner, M. Hughes, P. Skolnik, C. Godfrey et al., Sixteenth International AIDS Conference, Toronto, 2006, abstract THLB0217. 

M. J. Skolnik, Radar Handbook , McGraw-Hill Professional 2nd edition, January 1990. 

With the advent of World War I in the summer of 1914, the United States (U.S.) chemists and the chemical industry were propelled into the public arena. At the time, the Germans dominated the chemical industry. However, shipments of chemicals from Germany to the U.S. were thwarted by the British blockade. Consequently, several American Chemical Society (ACS) chapters called on U.S. chemical companies to expand production into dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, and other organic chemicals. The war effort led to expansions in the steel and petroleum industries which stimulated growth in the production of coal-tar chemicals and petrochemicals that the chemical industry could convert to dyes, drugs, and other products. This lessened the dependence on Germany. The increased demand for explosives called for increased supplies of toluene, phenol and nitric acid (Skolnik Reese, 1976). 

By April 1915, Germany introduced gas warfare. In 1917, the Secretary of the Interior charged the Bureau of Mines with working on gas problems, and the Bureau engaged the Chemistry Committee of the National Research Council (NRC) to help initiate the work. The NRC Committee along with others in academe and the chemical industry constituted what ultimately became the Chemical Warfare Service of the U.S. Army. The gases and protective equipment were produced at Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland and New York City, respectively (Skolnik Reese, 1976). 

Chemical education was essentially in standby status once the U.S. entered World War II, in December 1941. Although the scientihc and technical achievements of the war left the U.S. with a strong sentiment in favor of expanded research and scientific education, it took several years and a boost from the space race to spur action. After the war, schools were crammed with returning veterans. In 1949, a revised set of minimum standards was sent to all U.S. institutions offering a degree in chemistry (Skolnik Reese, 1976). 

In 1950, the National Science Foundation was established to chatmel federal support into basic research. The model for the National Science Foundation grew out of the success of the wartime Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD. Appropriations for the Foundation rose sharply from 225,000 in fiscal year 1951 to 14 million in fiscal year 1955 and to 153 million in fiscal year 1960. In the period 1953-1960, U.S. spending on R D grew from 5.13 billion to 13.55 billion and the federal share of the total climbed from 54 to 65% (Skolnik Reese, 1976). 

After Sputnik, the number of universities granting the Ph.D. degree in chemistry more than doubled. The growth was spurred mainly by federal support. Around 1968, however, there was a downturn in research and development (R D) funding and the recession-aided weakening of the chemicaljob market. By 1975, academic openings in chemistry were relatively scarce (Skolnik Reese, 1976). 

The ACS played an active role in public outreach. For example, in January 1961, the ACS News Service released the first program in its Men and Molecules series, a 15-minute science documentary produced weekly and distributed free to radio stations. The series featured noted scientists discussing their research in terms that the public could understand. Its main goal was to increase the public s understanding of the value of research. By the end of 1975, 785 programs had been completed and broadcast by 525 radio stations in all states (Skolnik Reese, 1976). 

R D. But, companies could push their views only so far because most of the support of research in the schools came from federal funds (Skolnik Reese, 1976). 

Skolnik, H., Reese, K. M. (Eds) (1976). A century of chemistry The role of chemists and the American chemical society. Washington, DC American Chemical Society. 

HC1155 D. S. Breslow and H. Skolnik, Chem. Heterocycl. Compds. 21,... 

Batzer, A. G., D. Rotin, J. M. Urena, E. Y. Skolnik, and J. Schlessinger. Hierarchy of binding sites for Grb2 and She on the epidermal growth factor receptor. Mol Cell Biol. 14 5192-201.1994. 

Chiarle, R., Budel, L. M., Skolnik, J., Frizzera, G., Chilosi, M., Corato, A., Pizzolo, G., Magidson, J., Montagnoli, A., Pagano, M., et al. (2000). Increased proteasome degradation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 is associated with a decreased overall survival in mantle cell lymphoma. Blood 95, 619-626. 

Skolnik H (1979) A classification system for polymer literature in an industrial environment. J Chem Inf Comp Sd 19 76-79... 

S. M. Paul, B. Hulihan-Giblin, P. Skolnik (1982). (-l-)-Amphetamine binding to rat hypothalamus relation to anorectic potency of phenylethylamines. Science 218 497I-4W. 

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