In combination with other methods

Although checklists are a useful way of transferring information about human-machine interaction to designers and engineers, they are not a standalone tool and they cannot provide a substitute for a systematic design process. The main concern with checklists is that they do not offer any guidance about the relative importance of various items that do not comply with the recommendations, and the likely consequences of a failure due to a noncompliance. To overcome such problems, checklists should be used in combination with other methods of task analysis or error analysis that can identify the complexities of a task, the relationships among various job components, and the required skills to perform the task. 

Field work methodology follows Paulen (2009) and was closely adhered to for the till survey component of the work, while National Geochemical Reconnaissance protocols (Friske Hornbrook 1991) were followed in the more mountainous areas of Ts ude niline Tu eyeta. These methodologies have both been successfully used throughout the WCSB, in some instances as a single method, or in combination with other methods (Prior et al. 2009). 

The elution character of the FFF techniques allows for it to be used in combination with other methods for further on-line or off-line characterization of the analytes (see Figure 12.1). FFF can be hyphenated with selective detection systems like mass spectrometry, multiangle laser scattering and can be combined with different separation techniques in multidimensional modes. In Figure 12.3, the trend in the number of published papers is reported. 

Recently Raman spectroscopy has been applied, in combination with other methods, to show that certain characteristic spectral bands can be identified that are characteristic for conformational forms (conformers) of the IL components, and that the associated conformational equilibria might be partly responsible for the salts to have such low melting points. 

To explain dendritic encapsulation, one needs to know something about dendrimer conformations and dynamics. These can be complex and difficult to map out. This problem leads to a chicken and egg conundrum (to crack a bad encapsulating joke). Ideally, one has information about structure that can be used to rationalize encapsulation behavior. However, as it is difficult to get structural (particularly conformational) information about dendrimers, structures are often proposed based on observed encapsulation behaviors. Thus, a central theme of this chapter will be that the redox unit, as it is perturbed by the structure of the dendrimer, acts as both embedded reporter and performer. This approach runs the risk of generating a circuitous argument. However, in combination with other methods of assessing structure, it hopefully can iterate to a self-consistent model. 

In practice some of these data may be hard to obtain from electron diffraction alone with a meaningful accuracy. And in any case, a full description of the energy curve leading from one conformer to another can only be obtained in combination with other methods. 

SRT has become a standard therapeutic approach, either alone or in combination with other methods, for the management of insomnia. Although it was formally described only 15 years ago, sleep restriction has probably been used as a naturalistic countermeasure to insomnia for much longer. The evidence available, although not very extensive, indicates that SRT is an effective intervention for... 

Although partition chromatography is established as the most powerful single method for separating these alkaloids, it can often be used to advantage in combination with other methods. Countercurrent distribution (20, 21) and electrophoresis (7, 20, 22) have both been used in this... 

Gunning—Gunning, though highly selective, is expensive and time consuming. It works best in combination with other methods. It will often take larger predators not controlled by traps or toxic devices. 

Electric birefringence (EB) or the Kerr effect is widely used in molecular optics as a method for the investigation of the molecular structure of low molecular weight substances. The study of the Kerr effect in the gas phase or in solutions in combination with other methods, such as refraction, light scattering, dielectric measurements etc. permits to ascertain the spatial arrai ement of atoms in the molecule and thus to calculate the main values of the polarizability tensor of the molecule and to obtain information about the value and direction of its dipole moment ... 

A potentiometric titration curve often has an inflection point at the PZC (Section 2.6.3). This property has been proposed as a method to determine the PZC [673]. The inflection point method gained some popularity after a publication by Zalac and Kallay [670]. Also, the differential potentiometric titration described in [674] is equivalent to the inflection point method. This method is not recommended by the present author as a standalone method to determine the PZC, but a few results obtained by the inflection point method, usually in combination with other methods, are reported in the tables in Chapter 3 (as Inflection in the Methods columns). In [675], the potentiometric titration curve of one sample had two inflections, and the inflection at the lower pH was assumed to be the PZC. The potentiometric titration curves of other samples had one inflection each. Reference [676] reports an inflection point in the titration curve of niobia at pH 8, which is far from the pHg reported in the literature. A few examples of charging curves without an inflection point or with multiple inflection points are discussed in Section 2.6.3. 

In combination with other methods, use of the formazan reaction facilitates the study of polysaccharides of unknown structure and determination of the linkages in them. For example, if, from water-soluble polysaccharides, water-insoluble, highly nitrogenous formazans are prepared after oxidation with periodic acid, the estimation of the results of the periodate oxidation is greatly facilitated, since the precipitate is free from interfering, non-trans-formed byproducts. Similar favorable features were observed by Barry and Hirst - on isolating phenylhydrazones and other nitrogenous con-... 

In recent years, molecular imprinting techniques have been actively studied to prepare resins and membranes with high selectivity for specific molecules and inorganic ions.152 Even the resolution of racemic mixtures of amino acids has been tried by electrodialysis.153 These concepts might provide a new aspect, in combination with other methods, to this research. 

Thus, for instance, the formation of trimethylsilyl esters, alcohols and phenols or other hydroxyl-containing compounds not only improves chromatographic separations, but also is a method for the analysis of hydroxyl groups. The reagents used in this instance are, however, not very selective as they react with several classes of compounds. For instance, N,0-bis(trimethyl)acetamide also reacts with organic acids, amines, aromatic amides, urea derivatives and some enols [19, 20]. Therefore, this technique should desirably be used in combination with other methods or for converting involatile... 

Many methods of PC in combination with other methods were developed for opium alkaloid analysis. Three of them are briefly described here ... 

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