Silk fibroin/chitosan

Altman et al. utilized a composite silk fibroin/chitosan scaffold for seeding and in vivo delivery of human ADSCs in a murine cutaneous wound model, and the delivery technique conferred physiological benefits to accelerated wound closure. ADSC seeded on a silk fibroin/chitosan scaffold differentiated into fibrovascular, endothelial, and epithelial components of restored tissue and enhanced the wound healing process [219]. 

Fig. 13 Fluorescent Images and the corresponding line profiles of the F-actin fibers red) of ADSCs seeded on (a) glass surface and (b) silk fibroin/chitosan (SFCS) scaffold. F-actin fiber density of ADSCs was quantified and confirmed by line-profile analysis of the fibers using Image software. The x-axis is the distance in microns, and the peaks correspond to the intensity of the rhodamine-phalloidin stain (red), whose peak maximum occurs at the location of the fibers along the line. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue) [162]...

Altman AM, Yan Y, Matthias N, Bai X, Rios C, Mathur AB, Song YH, Alt EU (2009) Human adipose-derived stem cells seeded on a silk fibroin-chitosan scaffold enhance wound repair in a murine soft tissue injury model. Stem Cells 27 250-258... 

The mechanism of protein-chitosan conjugation has been investigated and proposed aceording to a reaction scheme recently developed for the silk-fibroin chitosan polymer system [35]. 

Park, S. J., Lee, K. Y, Ha, W. S., and Park, S. Y. (1999). Structural changes and their effect on mechanical properties of silk fibroin/chitosan blends. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 74, 2571. 

Zhen-ding, S., Wei-qiang, L., and Qing-ling, F. (2009). Preparation and cytocompatibility of silk fibroin/chitosan scaffolds. Frontiers of Materials... 

She, Z., Liu, W., Feng, Q., 2009. Self-assembly model, hepatocytes attachment and inflammatory response for silk fibroin/chitosan scaffolds. Biomed. Mater. 4,045014. 

Moraes, M.A., Nogueira, G.M., Weska, R.F., Beppu, M.M., 2010. Preparation and characterization of insoluhle silk fibroin/chitosan blend films. Polymers 2,719-727. 

Gobin, A. S., Butler, C. E., and Mathur, A. B. 2006. Repair and regeneration of the abdominal waUmuscu-lofascial defect using silk fibroin-chitosan blend. Tissue Eng 12, 3383-94. 

One of the interesting subjects in the field of tissue reconstruction is the use of adipose-derived stem cells incorporated silk fibroin-chitosan (SFCS) scaffold... 

Altman, A.M., Gupta, V., Rfos, C.N., Alt, E.U., Mathur, A.B. Adhesion, migration and mechanics of human adipose-tissue-derived stem cells on silk fibroin-chitosan matrix. Acta Biomater. 6(4), 1388-1397 (2010)... 

A series of biofibers based on chitin and chitosan has been prepared by wet spinning and post modification of chitosan fibers as recently reviewed by Hirano [145]. These biofibers based on chitin, chitosan, chitin-cellulose, chitosan-cellulose-silk fibroin, chitosan-tropocollagen, and chitin-cellulo-silk fibroin have been proposed for applications including antithrombogenic, antimicrobial, hemostatic, and wound healing [145]. N-hexanoyl, and N-octanoyl chitosan are antithrombogenic and emocompatible. 

Several examples have been described in which a chiral natural polymer, such as silk fibroin or chitosan, act as chiral ligand and support at the same time. In such cases, the chiral ligand (the monomer or monomers coordinating... 

Besides the previously mentioned collagen, a wide variety of natural polymers have been involved in the synthesis of bio-nanohybrid materials with potential application in bone repair and dental prostheses. For instance, some recent examples refer to bionanocomposites based on the combination of HAP with alginate [96,97], chitosan [98,99], bovine serum albumin (BSA) [100], sodium caseinate [101], hyaluronic acid [102], silk fibroin [103,104], silk sericin [105], or polylactic add (PLA) [106,107]. These examples illustrate the increasing interest in the subject of HAP-based biohybrid materials, which has led to almost 400 articles appeared in scientific journals in 2006 alone. 

Nogueira GM et al (2010) Layer-by-layer deposited chitosan/silk fibroin thin films with anisotropic nanofiber alignment. Langmuir 26(ll) 8953-8958... 

Zhang K, Qian Y, Wang H et al (2010) Genipin-crosslinked silk fibroin/hydroxybutyl chitosan nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue-engineering application. J Biomed Mater Res 95 A 870-881... 

Biopolymers electrospun from natural materials usually fall into two categories proteins (e.g., collagen, gelatin and silk fibroin) and polysaccharides (e.g., cellulose and its derivatives, chitin/chitosan and hyaluronic acid). 

Park WH, Jeong L, Yoo DI, Hudson S (2004) Effect of chitosan on morphology and conformation of electrospun silk fibroin nanofibers. Polymers 45 7151-7157 Patnaik PR (2006) Dispersion optimization to enhance PHB production in fed-batch cultures of Ralstonia eutropha. Bioresour Technol 97 1994-2001 Patra SN, Bhattacharyya D, Ray S, Easteal AJ (2009) Electrospun poly(lactic add) based conducting nanofibrous networks. lOP Conference Series Mater Sci Eng doi 10.1088/1757-899X/4/l/012020 Peh KSH, Sodhi NS, de Jong J, Sekercioglu CH, Yap CAM, Lim SLH (2006) Conservation value of degraded habitats for forest birds in southern Peninsular Malaysia. Divers Distrib 12 572-581... 

X. Chen, W. Li, W. Zhong, Y. Lu, T. Yu, pH sensitivity and ion sensitivity of hydrogels based on complex-forming chitosan/silk fibroin interpenetrating polymer network, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 65 (11) (1997) 2257-2262. 

Most of the recent reported polymer/CW nanocomposites were prepared by this method. The reported polymer matrixes contain poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate) [36], poly(caprolactone) [37], natural rubber [39,140,141], soy protein isolate [38], poly(vinyl alcohol) [42, 44], chitosan [41, 141], silk fibroin, [142], alginate [44], starch [143], hyaluronan-gelatin [55], and waterborne polyurethane [144, 145]. 

G. Freddi, A. Anghileri, S. Sampaio, J. Buchert, P. Monti and P. Taddei, Tyrosinase-catalyzed modification of Bombyx mori silk fibroin Grafting of chitosan imder heterogeneous reaction conditions. Biotech. 125,281-294 (2006). 

Natural polymers such as collagen, elastin, and fibrin make up much of the body s native extracellular matrix (ECM), and they were explored as platforms for tissue engineered constructs [34,47 9]. Polysaccharides such as chitosan, starch, alginate, and dextran were also studied for these purposes. Simultaneously, silk fibroin was widely explored for vascular applications due to its higher mechanical properties in comparison to other natural polymers, such as fibrin [48]. The utilization of natural polymers to create tissue-engineered scaffolds has yielded promising results, both in vitro and in vivo, due in part to the enhanced bioactivity provided by materials normally found within the human body [50]. However, their mechanical response is usually below the required values therefore, synthetic polymers have been explored to achieve the desired properties. 

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