Signal mechanisms

Lanzafame A A, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson F (2003) Cellular signaling mechanisms for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Recept Chann 9 241-260... 

Hormones, cytokines, interleukins, and growth factors use a variety of signaling mechanisms to facilitate cellular adaptive responses. 

Gao and Yamaguchi, 1999c Gao and Yamaguchi, 2000 Kajiya et al., 2000 Yamagishi et at., 2001 Bone marrow cells or isolated osteoclasts Suppression of osteoclast formation by genistein is partly due to Ca signalling mechanism and partly due to inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity. 

BELCHER s M and ZSARNOVSZKY A (2001) Estrogenic actions in the brain estrogen, phytoestrogens and rapid intracellular signalling mechanisms. J Pharmacol Exp Then 299 (2) 408-14. 

Berghard A., Buck L. and Liman E. (1996). Evidence for distinct signaling mechanisms in two mammalian olfactory sense organs. Proc Natl Acad Sci 93, 2365-2369. 

Dugmore S.J. (1984). Chemical Signalling Mechanisms in Juvenile and Adult Lemur Catta, L. Ph.D. Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University. 

Has no action when binding on its own to the receptor but only modulates the actions of the naturally occurring hormone or neurotransmitter when it is released. Therefore, the temporal aspects of the natural signaling mechanism are retained and desensitization is minimized. 

H2 receptors are associated with adenylate cyclase, and stimulation of these receptors increases the cytosolic concentration of cAMP and activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Although inhibition of adenylate cyclase has been suggested as the intracellular signaling mechanism associated with H receptors, this has not been completely substantiated. 

Schroder, K., Hertzog, P.J., Ravasi, T., and Hume, D.A. 2004. Interferon gamma an overview of signals, mechanisms and function. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 75(2), 163-189. 

Both receptor types are members of the NGF receptor superfamily and exhibit the characteristic four (cysteine-rich) repeat units in their extracellular domain. The extracellular domains of TNF-R55 and TNF-R75 exhibit only 28 per cent homology and their intracellular domains are devoid of any homology, indicating the likely existence of distinct signalling mechanisms. 

The EPO receptor is a member of the haemopoietic cytokine receptor superfamily. Its intracellular domain displays no known catalytic activity, but it appears to couple directly to the JAK2 kinase (Chapter 8) that likely promotes the early events of EPO signal transduction. Other studies have implicated additional possible signalling mechanisms, including the involvement of G proteins, protein kinase C and Ca2+. The exact molecular events underlining EPO signal transduction remain to be elucidated in detail. 

Dopamine receptors are found primarily in brain, although they also exist in kidney [33]. Two subtypes of dopamine receptor were initially identified based primarily on differences in their drug specificities and signaling mechanisms. D receptors were found to stimulate adenylyl cyclase activity, while D2 receptors inhibited this enzyme (Fig. 12-6). Subsequently, multiple Dr and D2-like receptors were identified by molecular cloning (Table 12-3) [33], All dopamine receptor subtypes are... 

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