Mechanical input signals

The slidewire determines the linearity of the recorder. The linearity is limited by the slidewire resolution, its mechanical construction, and resistance loading effects. In the conventional wire-wound slidewire, the resolution is dictated by the number of turns. The linearity of the recorder then is equal to the ratio of a full-scale peak to that of the smallest discernible peak—one turn of the slidewire. Generally a linearity of 0.1% is available. By attenuating the input signal the linear range is effectively extended. 

But, as mentioned above in Sec. I, the mechanism of bistable stochastic resonance requires that the frequency of the input signal is much less than reciprocal relaxation time of the system. 

The convolution defined in (4.2.1) is a linear operation applied to the input function x(t). Nonlinear systems transform the input signal into the output signal in a nonlinear fashion. A general nonlinear transformation can be described by the Volterra series. It forms the basis for the theory of weakly nonlinear and time-invariant systems [Marl, Schl] and for general analysis of time series [Kanl, Pril]. In quantum mechanics, the Volterra series corresponds to time-dependent perturbation theory, and in optics it leads to the definition of nonlinear susceptibilities [Bliil]. 

Coincidence circuits not only provide fidelity, but also provide a mechanism for signaling cross talk. Agonists that provide one of the input signals required by the... 

Regulation of CKIs occurrs by transcriptional, translational, proteolytic and localiza-tional mechanisms, and multiple input signals have been identified that influence these processes in a complex relationship. 

The testing concepts described so far make explicit use of the fact that additional drive electrodes, together with those used to capacitively sense a primary sensor input signal, may be used for built-in tests. Design for test concepts therefore appear to be limited to the class of sensors employing reversible transducer mechanisms (i.e., capacitance or piezoelectricity) and to their processing sequences. 

A universaUy useful parameter for a chemical reaction is the reaction enthalpy produced by this reaction. If heat is the input signal for the transducer, the interface between specifier and transducer in a biosensor is easily defmed and independent from the mechanism of the chemical reaction occuring at the specimen This theoretically makes calorimetry almost universally appUcable to biosensor development. In practice, however, the usefulness of this approach is severely limited by heat generated from other sources than the specific chemical reaction and by thermal eddies in the sample solution. Three types of transducers have been employed in experimental devices, thermistors [26, 27], thermopiles [28, 29], and temperature sensitive integrated circuits [30]. 

The fuel valve actuator and its mechanism may have sufficient inductance or inertia to introduce a perceptible lag in the valve stem response to its input signal. The equivalent time constant is Tfi. 

A sensor is typically a device that transforms signals from the mechanical, thermal, radiant, chemical, or magnetic domain to the electrical domain. A single sensor may be based on crosseffects between different signal domains to achieve the signal transformation to the electrical domain to be read by a human or an electronic instrument. These cross-effects are shown in Table 1, where the input signal domains are on the left-hand side, and the output signal domains are at the top (Meijer 2008). 

The reconstruction accuracy of the measurement system depends on the step frequency of the input signals A/ and the load impedance. Clearly, additional study is required to explore the promise of this method including application this method to estimate faults in different wiring and cables with considering of mechanical variations estimation of much more complicated wiring systems identification of the factors affecting the reconstruction accuracy and a detailed estimation and comparison of different optimization techniques. 

The neuron may respond not only to electrical input mechanical pressure and chemical substances may also act as input signals. The difference between a neuron and a receptor may thus be small (Section 5.5). 

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