Ships, protected

Cathodic Protection method where a more active metal is connected to a metal structure such as a tank or a ship protecting the structure because the active metal is oxidized rather than the structure Cation a positively charged ion Cellulase a group of enzymes that hydrolyze cellulose... 

Armored Ships. The necessity of protecting ships by some kind of armor was realized after the introduction of HE shells in sea warfare (ca 1849), and introduction of AP shells at a later date. The first ship protected by armor was La Gloire the French wooden ship, dressed in 1859 in iron plates. Two years later, the British launched the 9000-ton Warrior with 4/4" thick iron plates all around and 6 ft below the waterline... 

Figure 7-9 What happens on a non-protected ship protected ship - current method...

At the same time, the practical ship protective potential of 37th, 72nd, 128th, 168th and 228th frame was measured when the ship berthed at port by Cu/CuS04 reference electrode. Compared with the measured results, the calculation results showed the same trend as the practical measured data and were near the same values as the measured results, as shown in figure 4. That is to say the calculation results are accurate. 

For coastal sites, adequate protection measures should be designed according to the codes and standards developed for the traditional mooring and ship protecting structures. 

Nickel flake-filled coatings can be useful for strongly alkaline environments. Cupronickel flakes (Cu - 10% Ni - 2% Sn) are used in ship protection because of their outstanding antifouling properties. The alloy pigment is of interest in this application because its resistance to leaching is better than that of copper itself [109]. 

Classification Societies exist to promote the safe construction of ships and to protect that condition throughout the life of the vessel. One of the tools available to shipbuilders, shipowners and surveyors that can be used to achieve these aims is Non-Destructive Examination (NDE). The intent of this presentation is to describe the application of NDE to hull structure during construction and also during periodic surveys as seen from the viewpoint of the Classification Surveyor. 

For practical applicability, several aspects have to be considered such as tire anode material (sacrificial (e.g. zinc) or inert (e.g. Pt/Ti or graphite)), tlie conductivity of tlie medium and tlie current distribution. Catliodic protection is typically used for buried constmctions (e.g. pipelines), off-shore stmctures or ship hulls. 

Titanium has potential use in desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water. The metal has excellent resistance to sea water and is used for propeller shafts, rigging, and other parts of ships exposed to salt water. A titanium anode coated with platinum has been used to provide cathodic protection from corrosion by salt water. 

Shipment, Stora.ge, ndPrice. Butyrolactone is shipped in unlined steel tank cars and plain steel dmms. Plain steel, stainless steel, aluminum, and nickel are suitable for storage and handling mbber, phenoHcs, and epoxy resins are not suitable. Butyrolactone is hygroscopic and should be protected from moisture. Because of its low free2ing point (—44° C), no provision for heating storage vessels is needed. 

Where highly poHshed surfaces are manufactured or stored for short intervals between different phases of processing, relative humidity and temperature are both maintained constant to minimise surface moisture films. If these surfaces are shipped or stored for extended intervals, protective coverings or coatings may be required. 

In unalloyed steel containers formamide discolors slowly during shipment and storage. Both copper and brass are also subject to corrosion, particularly in the presence of water. Lead is less readily attacked. Aluminum and stainless steel are resistant to attack by formamide and should be used for shipping and storage containers where the color of the product is important or when metallic impurities must be minimized. Formamide attacks natural mbber but not neoprene. As a result of the solvent action of formamide, most protective paints and finishes are unsatisfactory when in contact with formamide. Therefore, formamide is best shipped in containers made of stainless steel or in dmms made of, or coated with, polyethylene. Formamide supphed by BASF is packed in Lupolen dmms (230 kg) or Lupolen canisters (60 kg) both in continental Europe and overseas. 

Up to 52 wt % is permitted to be shipped in uv light-protected polyethylene dmms. Double headed aluminum dmms are permitted for 70% shipments but have not been used for some years. 

MAA and EAA are stable Hquids, and are shipped in nonretumable 208-L (55-gal) polyethylene-lined dmms. For bulk shipments, insulated stainless steel tank containers and tmcks provide secure protection. 2-Acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate is a Hquid stabili2ed with radical inhibitors such as BHT [128-37-0] and has a shelf life of approximately three months. Shipment is in 60- or 208-L polyethylene-lined dmms. Acetoacetaryhdes are nicely crystalline, stable soHds and are shipped in 208-L dmms with polyethylene liners. 

Lead-loaded plastics containing up to 90 wt % lead are used in x-ray protection as aprons and temporary shields in medical and industrial appHcations. Leaded glass is used to attenuate radiation where viewing the ongoing process is requited. Steel-jacketed containers fihed with lead or special lead containers are used to transfer, ship, and store fuel rods, radioactive sources, and nuclear waste. Lead is generahy used where space is limited. 

For commodities that soHdify at temperatures commonly encountered during shipping, tank cars are equipped with internal or external heating coils. In some cases, cars are insulated with both sides of the insulation protected by thin steel shells. Approximately 15% of the tank cars in the United States are constmcted for the transportation of pressuri2ed commodities, such as anhydrous ammonia and propane. 

Bags of various constmctions are used in the storage and transportation of dry chemicals. The choice of which type of bag to use should be based on the needs of the product for adequate protection and the requirements of the distribution network. To a certain degree, bags can be custom-made for a particular product indeed, almost any shipping requirement can be satisfied by one of many combinations of paper, plastic, and natural fibers incorporated in the design of bags. 

Protection capabilities of bags can be maximized by maintaining the moisture content of the paper at 6—8% by weight, relative to a shipping environment of 21°C at 60% in relative humidity. When the moisture content of shipping-sack paper drops below 6%, the sacks become excessively brittle however, if short-term storage under such conditions is unavoidable, an attempt should be made to place them in an environment with adequate relative humidity for 24—48 hours prior to their use. 

Smaller amounts of phosphoms, or elemental phosphoms-containing materials, are also shipped in 115-L (30-gal) dmms that are DOT regulated (U.S. DOT lAl or 1A2 classification) and have thick shells and special gaskets and fittings for protection. Quantities up to 0.5 kg (1 lb) are allowed for shipping in two hermetically sealed (soldered), nested cans inside a wooden box where the empty space is filled with vermiculite (U.S. DOT 4C1, 4C2, 4D, or 4F classification). AH air transportation of elemental P, both U.S. and international, was prohibited beginning in 1992. 

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