Hospital ships protection

Unlike these ships, which were entitled to protection from attack under the Geneva Convention, the Franconia and nineteen other vessels like her were classed as ambulance transports or black hospital ships . These were also equipped to convey and treat sick and wounded but they doubled as troop and stores carriers on return voyages... 

No battledress, of any variety, was of value in protecting ships from magnetic mines for they distinguished neither friend nor foe. Hiding behind camouflage or displaying hospital ship or neutrality colours made no difference. 

A third type of hospital ship was the hospital carrier. These vessels also wore the regulation hospital ship colours and were protected under the Geneva Convention, but they were not fully fitted out with wards, surgery, dispensary and so on. Outwardly they could not be distinguished from full hospital ships and ultimately many were completely converted. 

These facilities include battalion aid stations, hospital and medical companies, casualty receiving and treatment ships, fleet hospitals, and hospital ships. Provision of medical care in a contaminated environment is extremely difficult due to the encapsulation of medical personnel in their individual protective ensembles. 

Keywords Law of naval warfare Warships Submarines Unmanned maritime systems Submarine communications cables Hospital ships Merchant vessels Methods and means of naval warfare Naval mines Torpedoes Blockade Exclusion zones Naval bombardment Protected persons... 

During the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. States formally agreed on the protection of certain categories of enemy vessels from capture (and, thus, from attack) and on the special protection of hospital ships. Whereas the former continue to apply in their original form, the latter have undergone an... 

The right of the crews of hospital ships to carry arms and use them, if necessary, for the maintenance of order, for their own defence or that of the sick and wounded is well-established. It has been recognized since 1907, and it has been reaffirmed by Article 35(1) Geneva Convention II (1949). According to Article 35(3) the same holds true for portable arms and ammunition taken from the wounded, sick and shipwrecked and not yet handed to the proper service . At the same time, the equipment of hospital ships with heavy arms, i.e. in excess of those permitted by Article 35(1) and (2), has been generally considered as depriving them of their special protection under international humanitarian law. 

As regards the protection of victims in an international armed conflict at sea, it is necessary to first recapitulate the gradual extension of the category of protected persons and then to distinguish between the general obhgation to rescue wounded, sick and shipwrecked and the more specific obligations of hospital ships to provide assistance. 

Hence, RFA Argus, which was equipped with light air defence systems, was no longer deployed as a hospital ships but as a casualty receiving ship that also transported troops. The United Kingdom did not claim protected status for her. See Foxwell and JoUy 1991 Bouvier 1992. 

Plastics are extensively used in medicine to package drugs, ointments, and accessories. Plastics serve to protect medicines, surgical/ clinical equipment, medical materials, etc. from contamination and breakage in many ways, from single-service squeeze packs of cough syrup to carrying cases used to ship human eyes between hospital eye banks. 

Separation distances between buildings and from botmdaries and protected works must also be observed. Protected works includes certain types of birildings such as dwellings places where people congregate hospitals other adjacent places where people are employed a ship at berth another dangerous goods storage or another potential source of radiant heat from combustible materials. 

---