Shifting the burden

The beauty of MRI in medical imaging is its sensitivity to different chemical or physical properties that give useful contrasts between volumes having different properties, for example, cancerous tissue versus normal tissue, both having similar density. This greatly reduces the need for accurate density measurements because it shifts the burden of image contrast to a parameter that is more sensitive than density. 

The rate of water contamination from many point sources has decreased markedly since the passing of the Clean Water Act of 1972 and its subsequent amendments. Prior to 1972, the user of a water supply, such as a municipality, was responsible for protecting the supply. Because it is far more efficient to control water pollutants before they are released into the environment, the Clean Water Act shifted the burden of protecting a water supply to anyone discharging wastes into the water, such as a local industry. 

United States Congress passes Kefauver-Harris Dmg Amendments that shift the burden of proof of clinical safety to drug manufacturers. For the first time, drug manufacturers had to prove their products were safe and effective before they could be sold. 

The aim of LCA is to reduce the overall environmental impact by providing directional environmental indicators. These should be examined carefully using other analytical techniques.38,39 However, minimizing the impacts of subsystems does not ensure that the impacts of an entire system are minimized or even reduced.40 In many cases, a reduction or change in one part of the system merely shifts the burden. 

Through the TRI, the EPA hoped that it could shift the burden of applying pressure for compliance from itself to the public and the news media. So far, this seems to have been effective. Newspapers annually publish compilations of a state s biggest polluters. The normal response of a named company is How do I remove my company s name from this list Clearly, to eliminate itself from the roster, it must reduce its effluent significantly, which is, of course, the EPA s goal. But the EPA does not have to go to the time, trouble, and expense of inspecting the company and enforcing the rest of the command and control procedures all it does is require the company to submit an annual report of its releases, publish the report, and let the public and news media do the rest. 

From an analysis of the published financial research on the chemical industry, the sustainability issues of concern in the mainstream investment world revolve first around exposure to hot-button issues such as asbestos and genetic modification. There are some indications that this concern may extend to issues that have not yet fully blossomed, such as endocrine disruptors. There is also lingering concern about the potential for European Union rules that, if adopted, would essentially shift the burden of proof from showing that a chemical caused harm to having to demonstrate the safety of a number of chemicals in current use. Among those analyzing the sustainability of the chemical industry, the primary task appears to be to evaluate the companies ability to deal with complex issues of safety, emission reductions, community relations, and so on. 

In Summers, two hunters fired in the plaintiffs direction one caused the plaintiffs injuries but it was not possible to tell which one. Since both hunters were negligent, the court shifted the burden of proof to the defendants, telling each to try to absolve himself. That case was subsequently embodied in Restatement (Second), Section 433B, subsection (3), which provides ... 

The introduction of these coefficients obviously has shifted the burden from evaluating the fugacities to evaluating the activity and fugacity coefficients. These coefficients may be available in several forms. Correlations may exist for systems of interest or phase equilibrium data may be available from which the coefficients can be calculated. The following list is a representative sample of the numerous texts devoted to this. Important topic [II, 12, 18, 13, 5. ... 

Recent trends in social media, e-commerce shopping, and product personalization have recently shifted power from the retailer to the consumer. As the power equation changed within the value chain, competition increased and margins became tighter. To improve competitiveness, the parties shifted the burden of the costs and working capital backward in the value chain. 

Drive to low-cost operations. The inevitable drive toward commoditization of large-volume work-horse surfactants will require manufacturers to relentlessly drive cost out of their systems and increasingly shift the burden associated with sales, general operations and administration (SG A), and research and development (R D) onto higher-value, smaller-volume specialty products. 

Life cycle thinking is sometimes referred to as life cycle perspective [9. The primary objective of such thinking or perspective is to avoid shifting the burden from an action by minimizing impacts at one stage of the product s life cycle or in one geographic region only to increase the impact in another place or time. 

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