Emissions biomass

There are a wide variety of initial sources of NOs for the ice sheets, including bacterial emissions, biomass burning, photochemical reactions, and lightning. These are generally low-mid-latitude continental sources. This very complicated mixed source renders interpretations of ice-core NOJ" concentrations difficult. A further complication results from possible limitations on delivery of NOT to ice-core sites by atmospheric circulation, due to the large distance from... 

Biomass energy offers an increased supply with a positive environmental impact. If grown on a sustainable basis, it causes no net increase in carbon dioxide and the use of alcohol fuels reduces carbon monoxide emissions. Biomass is renewable as long as it is grown on a sustainable basis. 

Table 1 lists a number of studies carried out in urban sites of the Eastern Mediterranean Basin that have used multivariate statistical methods to quantify the mass contribution of sources of particulate matter. In most of these studies, four or five major source categories have been detected. These categories include road/soil dust, traffic emissions, marine aerosol, fuel oil combustion emissions, biomass... 

The goal of the project was the development of a low emission biomass burner for boilers in the range of 50 - 500 kW thermal output [5]. The main feature of the PDU burner design is the secondary combustion chamber creating a vortex to increase gas phase turbulence in order to maximise complete combustion. The main emphasis of the burner design is to reduce the release of particulate matter. The combination of vortex and air staging techniques is supposed to reduce also the NOx-emission level. The combustion system is designed to bum preferably wood chips. 

Monyem, A. J.H. Van Gerpen. The effect of biodiesel oxidation on engine performance and emissions. Biomass Bioenergy 2QQ1, 20, 317-325. 

Figure 8. Zero Emissions Biomass Refinery Cluster.

Landfills produce both gaseous and aqueous emissions. Biomass in landfills quickly depletes oxygen by aerobic biodegradation of microorganisms in the landfill. 

Schmer, M.R., Jin, V.L., Wienhold, B.J., 2015. Sub-surface soil carbon changes affects biofuel greenhouse gas emissions. Biomass and Bioenergy 81, 31—34. 

The need to meet environmental regulations can affect processing costs. Undesirable air emissions may have to be eliminated and Hquid effluents and soHd residues treated and disposed of by incineration or/and landfilling. It is possible for biomass conversion processes that utilize waste feedstocks to combine waste disposal and treatment with energy and/or biofuel production so that credits can be taken for negative feedstock costs and tipping or receiving fees. 

Another factor is the potential economic benefit that may be realized due to possible future environmental regulations from utilizing both waste and virgin biomass as energy resources. Carbon taxes imposed on the use of fossil fuels in the United States to help reduce undesirable automobile and power plant emissions to the atmosphere would provide additional economic incentives to stimulate development of new biomass energy systems. Certain tax credits and subsidies are already available for commercial use of specific types of biomass energy systems (93). 

Global demand for electricity can be expected to eventually increase substantially over the levels of the mid-1990s. In that event, only a massive expansion in the use of biomass and other nonfossil fuel sources can slow the aimual increase in global CO2 emissions. 

Sulfur dioxide reduction to achieve required emission levels may be accomplished by switching to lower-sulfur fuels. Use of low-sulfur coal or oil, or even biomass such as wood residue as a fuel, may be less expensive than installing an SO2 control system after the process. This is particularly true in the wood products industry, where wood residue is often available at a relatively low cost. 

Cofiring biomass has environmental benefits in addition to lowering greenhouse gases. Since biomass has little or no sulfur, sulfur dioxide (SOj) emissions are less when biomass fuels are used. In the United States, power plants have allowable sulfur dioxide levels for each gigawatt of power produced. If they produce less than the allowable amount of sulfur dioxide, they receive credits with which they can trade on the open market. The price for these sulfur dioxide credits is about 70 to 200 per ton. 

Use of some biomass feedstocks can increase potential environmental risks. Municipal solid waste can contain toxic materials that can produce dioxins and other poisons in the flue gas, and these should not be burned without special emission controls. Demolition wood can contain lead from paint, other heavy metals, creosote, and halides used in presen a-tive treatments. Sewage sludge has a high amount of sulfur, and sulfur dioxide emission can increase if sewage sludge is used as a feedstock. 

Should biomass be included as a green energy, given that it has direct air emissions and may not be renewable in its most common application— waste burning ... 

If hydrogen is made from decarbonized fossil fuels, fuel-cycle emissions can be cut by up to 80 percent. With renewable energy sources such as biomass, solar, or wind, the fuel cycle greenhouse gas emissions are virtually eliminated. It is possible to envision a future energy system based on hydrogen and fuel cells with little or no emissions of pollutants or greenhouse gases in fuel production, distribution, or use. 

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