SHAKE analysis

The overall soil profile of 60 m thickness is divided into layers of 1.5 m thick is considered. Each layer is characterized by the unit weight of soil obtained from SPT data and shear wave velocity obtained from the seismic cross hole test data. A typical input soil data used in SHAKE analysis is presented in Figure 9. The water table is taken to be at a depth of 30 m below the ground level. 

Each determination consisted of equilibratin, solid + liquid for 10-14 days at 15-18°C with frequent shaking. Analysis not described, but probably was either evaporation of a satd sin followed by weighing, or by pptn of Ba2(PO )2 by addn of Ba(0H)2 followed by weighing as described elsewhere in the paper for the stoichiometric analysis of the ppt. Although not stated, it is possible that the approach to equilibrium was from supersaturation (see discussion in the critical evaluation). 

Absolute diethyl ether. The chief impurities in commercial ether (sp. gr. 0- 720) are water, ethyl alcohol, and, in samples which have been exposed to the air and light for some time, ethyl peroxide. The presence of peroxides may be detected either by the liberation of iodine (brown colouration or blue colouration with starch solution) when a small sample is shaken with an equal volume of 2 per cent, potassium iodide solution and a few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid, or by carrying out the perchromio acid test of inorganic analysis with potassium dichromate solution acidified with dilute sulphuric acid. The peroxides may be removed by shaking with a concentrated solution of a ferrous salt, say, 6-10 g. of ferrous salt (s 10-20 ml. of the prepared concentrated solution) to 1 litre of ether. The concentrated solution of ferrous salt is prepared either from 60 g. of crystallised ferrous sulphate, 6 ml. of concentrated sulphuric acid and 110 ml. of water or from 100 g. of crystallised ferrous chloride, 42 ml. of concentrated hydiochloric acid and 85 ml. of water. Peroxides may also be removed by shaking with an aqueous solution of sodium sulphite (for the removal with stannous chloride, see Section VI,12). 

Samples and calibration standards are prepared for analysis using a 10-mL syringe. Add 10.00 mL of each sample and standard to separate 14-mL screw-cap vials containing 2.00 mL of pentane. Shake vigorously for 1 min to effect the separation. Wait 60 s for the phases to separate. Inject 3.0-pL aliquots of the pentane layer into a GC equipped with a 2-mm internal diameter, 2-m long glass column packed with a stationary phase of 10% squalane on a packing material of 80/100 mesh Chromosorb WAW. Operate the column at 67 °C and a flow rate of 25 mL/min. 

Now that it is possible to establish test facilities in a laboratory to simulate the time history of an earthquake seismic tests are conducted by creating the ground movements in the test object. Other methods, such as by analysis or by combined analysis and testing, are also available. Refer to IEEE 344 and lEC 60980 for more details. For this purpose a shake table, able to simulate the required seismic conditions (RRS) is developed on which the test object is mounted and its performance observed under the required shock conditions. Since it is not easy to create such conditions in a laboratory, there are only a few of these facilities available. The better equipped laboratories are in Japan, the USA, the UK, Greece, Germany, India and China. In India the Earthquake Engineering Department (EQD) of the University of Roorkee (UoR) is equipped with these facilities. 

Naphthyl methyl ether.—Dissolve 3-6grams(3-naphthnl in I3 5 c.c. 10 per cent, caustic soda solution, add 3 c.c. meth l sulphate, warm the liquid gently and shake vigorously. In. i short time the naphthyl methyl ether separates as a solid mass. The product is heated for ten minutes on the water-bath, a little water is added, and the naphthyl ether filtered and washed with water. It is crystallised from alcohol and deposits in lustrous plates m. p. 70—72°. The yield is theoretical. It may be used for analysis by Zeisel s method. 

The pulsations can cause the use of excess horsepower when compared to the ideal or a system design that reduces pulsations and thereby improves cylinder performance and efficiency. The pulsation shaking forces in the suction and discharge dampeners (bottles) can be evaluated by computer analysis, and the magnitude and frequency in hertz can be reduced to an acceptable level by adjusting the dimensions (size) of the dampeners. The magnitude of the internal forces directly affects the mechanical stress on the nozzles of the cylinder and of the dampeners. Compressor... 

Crucibles fitted with permanent porous plates are cleaned by shaking out as much of the solid as possible, and then dissolving out the remainder of the solid with a suitable solvent. A hot 0.1 M solution of the tetrasodium salt of the ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid is an excellent solvent for many of the precipitates [except metallic sulphides and hexacyanoferrates(III)] encountered in analysis. These include barium sulphate, calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, calcium oxide, lead carbonate, lead iodate, lead oxalate, and ammonium magnesium phosphate. The crucible may either be completely immersed in the hot reagent or the latter may be drawn by suction through the crucible. 

Figure 3.2(a) shows a plot of log S versus pH for naproxen, based on re-analysis (unpublished) of the shake-flask [49, 77] and microtiter plate [20] data reported in the literature. The dashed curves in Fig. 3.2 were calculated with the simple Henderson-Hasselbalch equations. For pH pKa, the function reduces to the horizontal line log S = log Sq. For pH pXi, log S is a straight line as a function of pH, exhibiting a slope of 1 (and an intercept of log So-pKj). Where the slope is 0.5, the pH equals to the pKj. 

Residual dinitroaniline herbicides are generally extracted from 10-25 g of air-dried soil samples using organic solvents such as ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, methylene chloride and acetone by sonication, mechanical shaking or Soxhlet extraction. If necessary, the extract is then cleaned by a Florisil column or SPE. The extract is allowed to evaporate completely to dryness and the residue is dissolved in an appropriate volume of the solvent for GC or HPLC analysis. 

A 20-g sample of air-dried soil is extracted with 100 mL of ethyl acetate in a flask shaker for 45 min. After shaking, the extract is decanted and separated. The soil is re-extracted with 100 mL of ethyl acetate for 45 min. The combined soil extracts are filtered through a Whatman No 1 filter paper and the filter cake is washed with an additional 20 mL of ethyl acetate. The extracts are evaporated nearly to dryness, under vacuum, using a rotary evaporator. The residue is dissolved in an appropriate volume before GC analysis. ... 

Organic solvent extraction. Two analytical methods for acetamiprid have been developed One method is for the parent only and the other determines the total residue of the parent and its metabolites (lM-1-2, lM-1-4 and lC-0). Air-dried soil (20-g equivalent dry soil) is weighed into a centrifuge tube and imidacloprid residue is extracted with 100 mL of methanol-0.1M ammonium chloride (4 1, v/v) using a mechanical shaker for about 30 min. After shaking, the tube is centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 2 min. The supernatant is filtered and the analysis of the soil residue is carried out in the same manner as described above for the parent compound. 

Transfer the concentrate into a 200-mL separatory funnel using two portions of 20 mL of n-hexane. Add 100 mL of saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution and extract twice with 100 mL of n-hexane by shaking for 5 min and allow the phases to separate. After dehydration of the n-hexane extract with 10 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrate the extract to dryness below 40 °C with a rotary evaporator. Transfer the residue with three portions of 5 mL of n-hexane into a glass column containing 10 g of Florisil (deactivated by water at a rate of 1%). Elute with 100 mL of n-hexane-ethyl acetate (9 1, v/v) and then with 100 mL of n-hexane-ethyl acetate (7 3, v/v). Concentrate the second eluate to dryness and dissolve the residue in 10 mL of n-hexane and analysis by gas chromatography/flame thermionic detection (GC/FTD). 

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