Brown pigments

Generally, the phenotype that predisposes an individual to an increased risk of skin cancer is red or blond hair, blue eyes, and fair skin. These characteristics are surrogate measure of the sensitivity of the skin to sun exposure and the tendency to develop nevi, freckles, and sunburns based on the skin type. Freckles, which may appear abruptly after the first high dose of UV radiation sun exposure, represent clones of mutated melanocytes, and their presence is associated with an increased risk of melanoma.12 The Fitzpatrick classification of skin type is used to determine the response pattern of the skin to UV radiation and assess the risk for melanoma. There are six Fitzpatrick skin types Type I skin always burns and never tans, type II skin burns easily and tans rarely, type III skin burns sometimes and tans usually, type IV skin burns rarely and always tans, type V skin always tans and is moderately pigmented (brown), and type VI skin always tans and is darkly pigmented (black). Fitzpatrick I and II skin types are commonly affected by NMSC and MM. The susceptibility to skin cancer, both NMSC and MM, is related to the melanin content of the skin and the skin s response to UV radiation. 

The chlorinated derivatives of Pigment Red 9 (R = H) and Pigment Brown 1 (R = OCH3), respectively,... 

H otiiwo derivative oi Pigment Rea 9 R OCHa chloro derivative oi Pigment Brown 1... 

Several metal lakes have been prepared from this parent structure of all (3-oxy-naphthoic acid pigments. The list includes the barium salt (P.R.64), the calcium salt (P.R.64 1), and the copper lake, which is registered as Pigment Brown 5. The pigments are rarely used in Europe, and their impact on the market in Japan and the USA has also decreased considerably. 

Chrome manganese zinc brown Pigment brown 39 (Zn,Mn)Cr204... 

Pigment Brown 45 (MnWTi). As it has become apparent that antimony is not bio-available from doped rutiles, the trend for such substitutions with respect to food contact applications has strongly diminished. A more scientific survey on colored titanium MMO pigments is given by Maloney [3.93]. 

---