Nonesterified fatty acid

Permeation enhancers are used to improve absorption through the gastric mucosa. Eor example, oral dehvery of insulin (mol wt = 6000) has been reported from a water-in-oH- emulsion containing lecithin, nonesterified fatty acids, cholesterol [57-88-5], and the protease inhibitor aprotinin [9087-70-1] (23). 

The free fatty acids (FFA, nonesterified fatty acids, im-esterified fatty acids) arise in the plasma from hpolysis of triacylglycerol in adipose tissue or as a result of the action of hpoprotein hpase during uptake of plasma tri-acylglycerols into tissues. They are found in combination with albumin, a very effective solubilizer, in concentrations varying between 0.1 and 2.0 ieq/mL of plasma. Levels are low in the ftiUy fed condition and rise to 0.7-0.8 leq/mL in the starved state. In uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, the level may rise to as much as 2 Ieq/mL. 

Phospholipid concentration was determined using our modification of Bartlett s procedure (49,53). Cholesterol concentration and purity were determined by HPLC or enzymatically by cholesterol oxidase (49,53). Purity of phospholipids as raw materials, and the extent of their hydrolysis during various steps of liposome preparation and liposome storage, were assessed by TLC and enzymatic determination of the increase in level of nonesterified fatty acids (10,38,49-51,53). 

Digestion of dietary lipids Dietary lipids DIGESTION OF DIETARY LIPIDS (p. 171) Dietary lipids consist primarily of triacylglycerol, with some cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, and free (nonesterified) fatty acids. 

Prabhakaran et al. indicated that noise could be a potent stressor and cause disturbances in the biochemical parameters of the body. It is presumed that most of the effects are indirect, being manifested through the activation of autonomic nervous system that liberates catecholamines and HPA axis responsible for the liberation of corticosteroids [104], In 1989, Hershock and Vogel found that in male Sprague-Dawley rats, acute immobilization stress could affect serum triglyceride and nonesterified fatty acid values and that these effects were diet and time dependent however, the rats total cholesterol levels were unaffected by stress [105], In addition, in 1996 Brennan et al. pointed out that stressed animals had higher levels of the cholesterol parameters than did home cage controls [106],... 

Hershock D, Vogel WH. The effects of immobilization stress on serum triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acids, and total cholesterol in male rats after dietary modifications. Life Sci 1989 45 157-165. 

Human atherosclerotic carotid from diabetic/ nondiabetic Atherosclerosis 4 diabetic, 4 nondiabetic TOF-SIMS (MSI) Nonesterified fatty acids. Differences in concentration for diabetic and non diabetic (31)... 

Large fatty acid anions, particularly oleate and palmitate, are normally present in human serum at concentrations greatly exceeding their solubility in water (6,7,8). With HSA being normally at about 0.6mM, the total serum content of nonesterified fatty acids usually ranges from about the same level to a normal high of about 2mM or to 4mM... 

Christmass, M.A., Mitoulas, L.R., Hartmann, P.E., Arthur, P.G. 1998. A semiautomated enzymatic method for determination of nonesterified fatty acid concentration in milk and plasma. Lipids 33, 1043-1049. 

In pantothenic acid-deficient rats, tissue CoA is depleted, affecting meunly the peroxisomal oxidation of fatty acids, which is meunly concerned with detoxication mitochondrial -oxidation, which is tm essentied energy-yielding pathway, is speued to a great extent (Youssef et td., 1997). However, relatively moderate deficiency in tuiimtds results in increased pltisma triacylglycerol emd nonesterified fatty acids, su esting some imptdrment of lipid metabolism (Wittwer et td., 1990). 

StrooWE, HookJB. Dissociation of renal organic anion transport from renal lipid metabolism. I. Endogenous nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) as determinants of transport. J Pharmacol ExpTher 1983 227(1) 55-59. 

Fever accelerates lipid metabolism. The serum concentrations of cholesterol, nonesterified fatty acids, and the other lipids may decrease initially, but within a few days the free fatty acid concentration may increase. Fever is often associated with a respiratory alkalosis caused by hyperventilation. This pH increase causes a reduction of the plasma phosphate concentration, with an increased excretion of phosphate and other electrolytes. Serum iron and zinc concentrations decline with accumulation of both elements in the liver. The copper concentration increases because of increased production of ceruloplasmin by the liver. Some representative changes in serum composition induced by fever are listed in Table 17-12. 

It is known that the presence in serum of an abnormal amount of any substance affecting analogue binding— such as endogenous antibody, nonesterified fatty acids, or certain anions—greatly distorts assay results. If analogue binding... 

Chattopadhyay J, Thompson EW, Schmid HH. Nonesterified fatty acids in normal and diabetic rat sciatic nerve. Lipids 1992 27 513-517. 

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