Separator schematic illustration

A schematic illustration of a typical inlet apparatus for separating volatile hydrides from the analyte solution, in which they are generated upon reduction with sodium tetrahydroborate. When the mixed analyte solution containing volatile hydrides enters the main part of the gas/liquid separator, the volatiles are released and mix with argon sweep and makeup gas, with which they are transported to the center of the plasma. The unwanted analyte solution drains from the end of the gas/liquid separator. The actual construction details of these gas/liquid separators can vary considerably, but all serve the same purpose. In some of them, there can be an intermediate stage for removal of air and hydrogen from the hydrides before the latter are sent to the plasma. 

Figure 8.2 Schematic illustrations of AGm versus X2 showing how jUj -may be determined by the tangent drawn at any point, (a) The polymer-solvent system forms a single solution at all compositions, (b) Compositions between the two minima separate into equilibrium phases P and Q.

Figure 8.12 Schematic illustration showing with the solid line how the probability of placement varies with the distance of separation between the centers of the coils. The broken line is the equivalent result for hard spheres.

Fig. 3. Two-dimensional schematic illustrating the distribution of Hquid between the Plateau borders and the films separating three adjacent gas bubbles. The radius of curvature r of the interface at the Plateau border depends on the Hquid content and the competition between surface tension and interfacial forces, (a) Flat films and highly curved borders occur for dry foams with strong interfacial forces, (b) Nearly spherical bubbles occur for wet foams where...

Figure 3.11 The side chains on the surface of an a helix form ridges separated by grooves, as schematically illustrated here.

In spite of these problems, polymer melts have been sufficiently studied for a number of useful generalisations to be made. However, before discussing these it is necessary to define some terms. This is best accomplished by reference to Figure 8.2, which schematically illustrates two parallel plates of very large area A separated by a distance r with the space in between filled with a liquid. The lower plate is fixed and a shear force F applied to the top plate so that there is a shear stress (t = F/A) which causes the plate to move at a uniform velocity u in a direction parallel to the plane of the plate. 

Fig. 8. Schematic illustration of the tunnelling in a CNT-based device (a) under no bias voltage, there are no orbitals available for conduction, (b) with small bias voltage, only one molecular orbital of a CNT contributes to the carrier transport and (c) when the next molecular orbital enters the bias window, current increases stepwise. Gate voltage can shift all the orbitals upward or downward. AE indicates the energy separation of molecular orbitals.

The principle of 2-D TLC separation is illustrated schematically in Figure 8.4. The multiplicative law for 2-D peak capacity emphasizes the tremendous increase in resolving power which can be achieved in theory, this method has a separating capacity of n, where n is the one-dimensional peak capacity (9). If this peak capacity is to be achieved, the selectivity of the mobile phases used in the two different directions must be complementary. 

Figure 9.3 Schematic illustration of the electrophoretic transfer of proteins in the chromatophoresis process. After being eluted from the HPLC column, the proteins were reduced with /3-mercaptoethanol in the protein reaction system (PRS), and then deposited onto the polyacrylamide gradient gel. (PRC, protein reaction cocktail). Reprinted from Journal of Chromatography, 443, W. G. Button et al., Separation of proteins by reversed-phase Mgh-performance liquid cliromatography , pp 363-379, copyright 1988, with permission from Elsevier Science.

FIG. 11 Schematic illustration of the electric potential profiles inside and outside a nanopore with lipid bilayer membranes separating the internal and external electrolyte solutions. The dotted line is a junction potential representation where the internal potential is shifted. 

Figure 13.4 Schematic illustration of the electrophoretic molecular separation, (a) The charged molecules drift according to the electric field direction, (b) Separation of each fraction by applying several separate laminar flows, (c) Alternatively, each fraction can be separated by scanning the stripping laminar flow across the sample channel. Adapted from Ref. [43] with permission.

Figure 2.1. Schematic illustration oftwo-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Proteins are extracted from the organism of interest and solubilized. The first dimension separates proteins based on isoelectric point. The pi strip is reduced and alkylated and applied to an SDS-PAGE gel for separation by molecular weight. Proteins canbe visualized using a number of staining techniques.

Figure 29. For the latter case, it is considered that the semiconducting re-electron systems are separated by insulating hydrocarbon spacers, resulting in alternate thin layers of organic semiconductor and insulator in these monolayer assemblies. The direct current - voltage (I - V) characteristics were mea- sured for the multilayers H2Pc(R)8 and Cu-Pc(R)8 in directions perpendicular and parallel to the film plane. In both cases, the linear I - V relationships of Ohm s law were observed at low electric field and obtained DC conductivities are summarized in Table 3. The normal conductivity (ajJ were ca. 10 13 S cm-1, while the lateral ones p//) were 3.4 x 10-7 and 9.9 x 10 7 S cm 1 for films of the metal-free and copper Pc derivatives, respectively. The former (ojJ tended to decrease slightly with increase of Figure 29. Schematical illustration of the substituent alkyl chain length,...

Figure 18. Schematic illustration of slow charge recombination via lateral diffusion of electrons and holes in the A and the D layers, respectively, in the A-S-D triad monolayer. Radical anions and cations on A and S moieties were created by photoexcitation of the S moieties followed by the charge separation.

Consider two flasks of gas connected by a small tube. Imagine also that a tap separates them, as seen by the schematic illustration in Figure 4.4. One flask contains hydrogen gas at high pressure p, for example at 2 atm. The other has such a low pressure of hydrogen that it will be called a vacuum. 

Fig. 21. Schematic illustration of MP-HNCA-TROSY antiphase (a) and in-phase (b) spectra with long acquisition time in q. The corresponding subspectra are shown after addition of the antiphase and in-phase data sets (c) and after subtraction of the antiphase and in-phase data sets (d). Due to very small Vcc > the intraresidual cross peaks are almost entirely cancelled out from the antiphase spectrum (a). In the subspectra, the intraresidual cross peaks are shown as doublets, separated by 53 Hz splitting in Fi-dimension, whereas sequential cross peaks are shown as singlets, and they exhibit 53 Hz offset for the upheld and downfield components between the subspectra.

A schematic illustration of the method, and of the correlation between binary phase diagram and the one-phase layers formed in a diffusion couple, is shown in Fig. 2.42 adapted from Rhines (1956). The one-phase layers are separated by parallel straight interfaces, with fixed composition gaps, in a sequence dictated by the phase diagram. The absence, in a binary diffusion couple, of two-phase layers follows directly from the phase rule. In a ternary system, on the other hand (preparing for instance a diffusion couple between a block of a binary alloy and a piece of a third... 

These two types of exciton are schematically illustrated in Figure 4.13. The Mott-Wannier excitons have a large radius in comparison to the interatomic distances (Figure 4.13(a)) and so they correspond to delocalized states. These excitons can move freely throughout the crystal. On the other hand, the Frenkel excitons are localized in the vicinity of an atomic site, and have a much smaller radius than the Mott-Wannier excitons. We will now describe the main characteristics of these two types of exciton separately. 

A new method involving separate nucleation and aging steps was reported by Zhao et al. [20]. The key features of this method are a very rapid mixing and nucleation process in a colloid mill followed by a separate aging process. The design of the colloid mill is schematically illustrated in Fig. 2. 

Once mass transfer is completed, the drop phase must be separated from the continuous liquid. The basic event of the separation process is the coalescence of droplets producing a homophase. This can take place in a part of a countercurrent column especially provided for this purpose (see Figs. 9.1 and 9.5) or in a special settler (Fig. 9.23). If we wish to predetermine the separation process, the physical course of the droplet coalescence must be known. Figure 9.24 schematically illustrates the coalescence of a single drop... 

Figure 4. Schematic illustration of corrosion induced paint adhesion loss. In the initial stage (A), iron is oxidized and oxygen reduced at a site of electrolyte penetration as corrosion proceeds (B and C), a rust deposit forms and the anodic and cathodic reaction sites become separated. Cathodically produced hydroxide progressively disrupts paint adhesion. Reproduced from Ref. 25, copyright 1980, American Chemical Society.

Fig, 4, Schematic illustration of high-speed living polymerization of methacrylate esters accelerated by steric separation of the aluminum porphyrin nucleophile and bulky Lewis acid. ... 

Fig. 1. Schematic illustrating three- and four-point 3D pharmacophores. Three-point 3D pharmacophores encode three functional group types and the three distances separating them, and four-point 3D pharmacophores encode four functional group types and the six distances separating them. Functional group types commonly included are acids, bases, hydrophobes, H-bond acceptors, H-bond donors, and aromatic systems. Distances are assigned to bins (e.g., 2.5-4.0 A) to limit the individual 3D pharmacophore descriptors to a tractable number, and to aid in comparing the individual 3D pharmacophores.

Figure 6.6 Schematic illustration of a two dimensional energy surface with two local minima separated by a transition state. The dark curves are energy contours with energy equal to the transition state energy. The transition state is the intersection point of the two dark curves. Dashed (solid) curves indicate contours with energies lower (higher) than the transition state energy. The MEP is indicated with a dark line. Filled circles show the location of images used in an elastic band calculation.

Figure 6.13 Schematic illustration of a lattice model for diffusion of Ag atoms on Pd doped Cu(100). The diagrams on the right show the fourfold surface sites in terms of the four surface atoms defining the site. The section of the surface shown on the left includes two well separated Pd atoms in the surface. The Pd atoms are located at the centers of the two grey squares in the diagram on the left.

General procedures for the preparation of pillared clays are schematically illustrated in Fig. 1. The first and most important reaction for the introduction of pillars is ion-exchange the hydrated interlayer cations of montmorillo-nite are exchanged with precursory polynuclear metal hydroxy cations. After the ion-exchange, the montmorilIonite is separated by centrifugation and washed with water several times to remove excess hydroxy ions. The interlayered hydroxy cations are then converted into the respective oxide pillars by calcination. The precursors developed so far and the interlayer spacings of their... 

Fig. 4 Schematic illustration of the processes leading to photocurrent generation in organic solar cells, (a) Photon absorption in Step 1 leads to excitons that may diffuse in Step 2 to the donor/ acceptor (D/A) interface. Quenching of the exciton at the D/A interface in Step 3 leads to formation of the charge-transfer (CT) state. Note that processes analogous to Steps 1-3 may also occur in the acceptor material, (b) Charge separation in Step 4 leads to free polarons that are transported through the organic layers and collected at the electrodes in Steps 5 and 6, respectively, (c) The equilibria involved in Steps 1-4- strongly influence device efficiency...

Figure 24 Schematic Illustration of the Migration Order of Positively Charged, Negatively Charged, and Uncharged (Neutral) Peptides Separated by Capillary Electrochromatography (CEC) with H,0/0rganic Mobile Phases and Sorbents of Appropriate EOF Properties...

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