Sensor network design

Sen, S. S. Narasimhan and K. Deb. Sensor Network Design of Linear Processes Using Genetic Algorithms. Comput Chem Eng 22 385-390 (1998). 

New Method for Sensor Network Design and Upgrade for Optimal Proeess Monitoring... 

Previous methods on nonlinear sensor network design mrniniize cost subject to a variety of constraints linked to the network performance precision, residual precision, error detectability and resilience. In recent work, the use of accuracy as an attribute of a network that can replace precision, error detectability and resihence more effectively has been considered. In this paper, we propose a sensor network design methodology based on accuracy thresholds. 

In this chapter, biomedical sensors for wearable computing including their measur-and and measured parameters are discussed, and then the available techniques for the textile-based body sensor networks design are considered. In order to demonstrate the potential benefits of the textile-based wearable wireless body sensor networks, recent development in wireless vital signals monitoring systems based on loT for health care and fitness applications are reviewed. 

Sang Hyuk, L., Soobin, L., Heecheol, S., Hwang Soo, L. (2009). Wireless sensor network design for tactical military applications Remote large-scale environments. In Proceedings of the Military Communications Conference, 2009, (pp. 1-7). IEEE Press. 

Three-dimensional batteries offer a different approach to the portable power field. In this paper we have presented 3-D designs that emphasize power sources with small areal footprints but do not compromise power and energy density. While this approach may not help solve the power needs for cell phones and laptop computers, it will have a significant impact on current and future generations of microdevices. In particular, distributed sensor networks and wireless communication systems are representative areas where 3-D batteries would be welcomed enthusiastically because the power supplies currently in use are many times the size of the device. 

As has been indicated, the sensor can be adapted to almost any process application. The sensor is designed to withstand pressures to 300 psi and can be designed to withstand process temperatures as high as 450° C using sapphire window materials. Accuracies between 0.01 an 0.5 % are typical. Sensitivities to 0.01% have been obtained and are primarily limited by the sophistication of the network analyzer utilized. 

DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTED SENSOR NETWORKS FOR SECURITY AND DEFENSE... 

Keywords Mobile ad-hoc networks Distributed sensor networks Secure routing Vulnerability Embedded systems Low-power design... 

Availability emerges as a top-priority security requirement. A proper implementation has two parts a prompt deployment and a constant ability to sense the environment and forward traffic. In the traditional computer security, secrecy is associated with controlling who gets to read information. In the field of distributed sensor networks, the situation is different. The network itself may act as an intruder. In this case, the size of the nodes becomes an important design metric. Short range, multihop communication is also the prudent course of action. 

Kar 05] Karakehayov, Zdravko, Low-power design for Smart Dust networks, in Handbook of Sensor Networks Compact Wireless and Wired Sensing Systems, edited by Mohammad Ilyas and Imad Mahgoub, CRC Press LLC, 2005. 

A general approach is proposed for designing the cheapest sensor network able to detect and locate a set of specified faults. The method is based on the sensitivity of process residuals with respect to faults. A genetic algorithm is used to select the sensors and their locations. Results are shown for two water networks. 

Nowadays, the interest for chemical process monitoring becomes more and more important. Indeed, environmental and safety rules must be satisfied and the required product quahty must be achieved. Moreover, fluid leakages are expensive and must be detected as quickly as possible. Fault detection can only be done if a suitable sensor network is installed in the process. However, all measurements are corrupted by noise and the sensor precision has a great influence on the detectability and isolability of process fault. Therefore the sensor precision must be taken into accormt when a network is designed. 

In this study, a general method to design the cheapest sensor network able to detect and locate a list of faults in a given process is proposed. The method is based on the fault detection technique proposed by Ragot and Maquin [4]. Those authors use the notion of fault sensitivity to decide whether a residual is influenced or not by a specified process fault. 

As the problem is multimodal, not derivable and involves many binary variables, the sensor network optimization is done by means of a genetic algorithm (Goldberg [3]). Indeed, the efficiency of this optimization algorithm has been proved for similar problems, such as the design of efficient sensor networks for data reconciliation (Gerkens [2]). 

The design procedure allowing configuring the optimal sensor network able to detect and locate all the specified faults is carried out in four steps ... 

To ensure that the design problem accepts a solution, the initial sensor network has to be able to detect all the simulated faults. If it is not the case, new sensor types that are more precise should be added to the data base or the niinimal magnitudes of the faults to be detected should be set higher. 

The proposed design method allows building a sensor network that is able to detect and locate a specified list of tank and pipe leakages. This network is much cheaper than the initial one. The algorithm provides thus a practical solution, even if global optimality can not be demonstrated when using an evolutionary optimization algorithm. This method could be transposed for other types of faults such as the catalyst deactivation or the loss of efficiency in a compressor. 

Gerkens C., Heyen G., 2005, Use of parallel computers in rational design of redundant sensor networks, Computers and Chemical Engineering 29, 1379-1387. 

Keywords Software Accuracy, Sensor Networks, Instrumentation Network Design. 

A method incorporating software accuracy to design sensor networks was presented. We highlighted the importance of gross error equivalency (Bagajewicz and Jiang, 1998) in determining accuracy. Thus, we conclude that networks prone to have more than one bias need to be heavily instrumented if all reasonable biases are to be detected so that software accuracy is reasonable. 

M. Bagajewicz, 1997, Design and Retrofit of Sensor Networks in Process Plants , AlChE Journal, Vol. 43, No. 9... 

M. Bagajewicz, M. Gala, 2006a, Efficient Procedure for the design and Upgrade of Sensor Networks using Cutsets and Rigorous Decomposition , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 45, No. 20. 

M. Bagajewicz, D. Nguyen, 2007, submitted for publishing, Design of Nonlinear Sensor Networks for Process Plants . 

In the present design, the thermal sensor network contains its own organic transistor active matrix for data readout. This arrangement provides for a self-contained thermal sensor when combined with a pressure sensor, yielding two electrically independent networks. The design of the active matrices is exactly the same for both networks. 

In the next section, 1 briefly describe some design heuristics. This is followed by a discussion of current research on the deployment of large networks in areas without infrasffucture support. The next section focuses on how sensor networks in vehicles can be linked with the Internet. 

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