Smart dust

Smart dust Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, have developed smart dust—tiny, intelligent wireless sensors that can communicate with each other, form autonomous networks, reprogram themselves, and monitor almost anything. They have already been tested for various military and nonmilitary applications, but their potential in providing pervasive health care is equally huge [15]. 

Figure 1. Smart dust mote and its components Micro-fabricated sensors, optical receiver, signal-processing and control circuitry the power source consists of a solar cell and a thick-film battery. (Derived with permission from ref 16. Copyright 2001 IEEE)...

A calculation of the power requirements of the smart dust mote underscores our point that the present generation of batteries cannot effectively power this device. Thin-film batteries are among the most advanced of the lithium battery systems, with a capability to scale down to dimensions on the same order of magnitude as the cubic millimeter of the dust mote. 3 The energy density for the thin-film system is 2 J mm , which matches or exceeds standard lithium ion systems, such as those that power laptop computers. A key design requirement for the smart dust mote is that the power consumption cannot exceed 10 juW. If the dust mote uses this power continuously over a day, it will consume 1 J. 

Can a thin-film battery supply the 1 J per day of energy necessary to power a smart dust mote At first glance, it would appear that there should be no problem the device consumes 1 J mm and the... 

The energy per unit area as reported for several lithium thin-film batteries ranges from 0.25 to 2 x 10 2 J mm. Thus, thm-fiim batteries, despite their excellent energy per unit volume, fall far short of being able to power a smart dust mote for 1 day. If the areal footprint were made 100 times larger (at 1 cm ), the thin-film approach would be acceptable. The consequences of the 2-D nature of thin-film batteries are easily overlooked. The calculation by Koeneman et al. ignored the 2-D character of thin-film batteries when they concluded that these batteries could carry out some 60 000 actuations of a smart bearing ." When one considers the actual area available for the power source on the device, only about 1200 actuations are possible. 

Doh 01] Doherly, Lance, Brett Wameke, Bernhard Boser, and Kristofer Pister, Energy and performance considerations for smart dust, International Journal of Parallel and Distributed Systems and Networks, vol. 4, no 3, 2001, pp. 121-133. 

Kah 00] Kahn, Joseph, R.H. Katz, and Kristofer Pister, Next century challenges mobile networking for Smart Dust, Journal of Communication and Networks, no. 3, September 2000, pp. 188-196. 

Kar 02] Karakehayov, Zdravko, Zero-power design for Smart Dust networks, Proceedings 1st IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Systems, Varna, 2002, pp. 302-305. 

Kar 05] Karakehayov, Zdravko, Low-power design for Smart Dust networks, in Handbook of Sensor Networks Compact Wireless and Wired Sensing Systems, edited by Mohammad Ilyas and Imad Mahgoub, CRC Press LLC, 2005. 

War 01] Wameke, Brett, Matt Last, Brian Liebowitz, and Kristofer S. J. Pister, Smart Dust communicating with a cubic-millimeter computer, IEEE Computer, vol. 34, January, 2001, pp. 44—51. 

Cook B, Lanzisera S, Pister K,SoC issues for RE smart dust. Proc IEEE 2006 94 (6) 1177-1196. 

K. S.J. Microrockets for smart dust. Smart Mater. Struct. 2001, 10, 1145. 

Link JR, Sailor MJ (2003) Smart dust self-assembling, self-orienting photonic crystals of porous Si. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 10607-10610... 

Schmedake TA, Cunin F, Link JR, Sailor MJ (2002) Standoff detection of chemicals using porous silicon smart dust particles. Adv Mat 14 1270-1272... 

Pister KSJ, Kahn JM, Boser BE et al. (1999) Smart dust Wireless networks of millimeter-scale sensor nodes. Electro. Res. Lab. Res. Sum. 

Kahn, J.M., R.H. Katz, and K.S.J. Pister. 1999. Next century challenges Mobile networking for smart dust. Pp. 271-278 in Proceedings of the Fifth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. New York, N.Y. ACM Press. 

Sailor MJ, Link JR (2005) Smart dust nanostructured devices in a grain of sand. ChemComm 11 1375-1383... 

SMART DUST BIOSENSORS AS APPLICATIONS OF MOLECULAR SHUTTLES... 

FIGURE 4 A smart dust biosensor based on molecular shuttles. Antibody-functionalized microtubules capture analyte molecules, such as protein biomarkers, in the center of a circular well and transport them across the surface. Collisions with antibody-coated fluorescent particles leads to particle capture if analyte is present. Eventually, shuttles reach the periphery of the well, where they accumulate and their cargo of analytes and fluorescent particles can be detected optically. 

Ilyas M, Mahgoub 1 (2006) Smart dust sensor network applications, architecture, and design. Boca Raton CRC/Taylor Francis Tsai Y H (2007) Fabrication and analysis of the ascorbic acid biosensor based on the ruthenium oxide sensing electrode. Master thesis. Graduate School of Optoelectronics, National YunUn Institute of Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan... 

Scott M. D, Boser B. E, Pister S. J(2003) An ultralow-energy ADC for smart dust. IEEE J SoHd-State Circ. 38(7) 1123-1129, July 2003. 

Sensor network has been started by Smart Dust project (Kahn et al. 1999) in the late 1990s. Ever since, sensor network technology has been rapidly advanced. This is mainly because of the... 

Kahn JM, Katz RH, Pister KSJ (1999) Mobile networking for smart dust. In Proceedings of MobiCom 99, online publication... 

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