Fault simulation

C. Diffraction-Faulted simulates powder diffraction from faulted or layered structures, which helps characterize structures, such as zeolites and clays. 

Perform energy minimization to relax the initial molecule. It is important to remove any high-energy artifacts from the construction process to avoid the fault simulation. 

Fault simulators used in this research (Sect. 3) can limit the scope of disturbances only to the selected parts of the application. Here, only the code of the control algorithm and its data are disturbed. The tested applications are also instrumented to send some measures (e.g. related to values of internal variables, output signal deviations, and signalisation of failures detected by the controller itself) to the fault injector using user-defined messages (collected by fault simulators - [8,19]). 

Fault tolerant design for reliability is one of the most difficult tasks to verify, evaluate, and validate. It is either time-consuming or very costly. This requires creating a number of models. Fault injection is an effective method to validate fault tolerant mechanisms. Also an amount of modeling is necessary for error/fault environment and structure and behavior of the design, etc. It is then necessary to determine how well the fault tolerant mechanisms work by analytic studies and fault simulations [7]. The results from these models after analyses shall include but not be limited to error rate, fault rate, latency, etc. Some of the better known tools are HARP—hybrid automated reliability predictor (Duke), SAVE—system availability estimator (IBM), and SHARPE—symbolic hierarchical automated reliability and performance evaluator (Duke). 

Another technology used by some performance testers is the fault dictionary. Fault dictionaries are prepared with fault simulators. A fault dictionary is a three-dimensional data structure of Boolean true/false bits (see Fig. 55.3).The first dimension is an enumeration of aU test vectors. The second dimension is a hst of modeled faults that are to be simulated. The third dimension is an enumeration of the circuit s output pins. A given bit in the fault dictionary is true if the corresponding output pin fails on the corresponding vector for a given fault. 

CMOS VLSI circrrits have several defect modes that are inconvenient to model in popular fault simulators, and thus fault models are more likely not to rrratch defects. Two of the offending defect modes are bridging faults (intermetal shorts) and metallization operrs that may actually introduce capacitive memory into a circuit. These are difficult to represent with traditional fault-modeling techniques. 

Figure 2 Parallel fault simulation of trivalent variables of state...

Here we cannot go closely into the matter of the problematic of time intervals determination, that is the question of how to define the discrete points of time for a new calculation of the circuit states. Account has to be taken of components with different high speeds and occasionally even with rather slow speeds. Intermediate points of time are for example necessary to record completely the possible effects of single and multiple faults during the fault simulation. 

How does the fault simulation done by ATPG software like TC differ from that of other fault simulators available ... 

In order to achieve the second goal of the framework, the FIU provides fault libraries for both platform independent and platform specific models. The fault library for PIMs draws on the failure modes defined in the MOGENTES project for boolean, integer and floating point variables (Table 1). Faults in PIMs can be injected in both output and input signals, what enables symmetric and asymmetric fault simulation. 

Lu, W., Radetzki, M. Efficient Fault Simulation of SystemC Designs. In 2011 14th Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD), pp. 487-494 (2011) Malvezzi, M., Allotta, B., Rinchi, M. Odometric estimation for automatic train protection and control systems. Vehicle System Dynamics 49(5), 723-739 (2010) Miller, J., Mukerji, J. MDA Guide Version 1.0.1, 2003/06/12 (2003)... 

Keywords autonomy, robots, faults, simulation, procedural content generation. 

Fault simulators are a means of determining the behaviour of circuits when a fault occurs. They can be used to determine which parts of the circuit are... 

Fault simulation occurs usually after most of the timing simulation is completed. At this stage test vectors can be generated and evaluated. Where certain parts of the circuit are difficult to test it may be necessary to redesign the circuit or reapply the test synthesis tools if they are used. 

Ghofrani H, Atkinson GM, Goda K, Assatourinas K (2013) Stochastic finite fault simulations of the 2011 Tohoku, Japan, earthquake. Bull Seismol Soc Am 103 (28) 1307-1320. doi 10.1785/0120120228... 

Shi Z, Day SM (2013) Rupture dynamics and ground motion from 3-D rough-fault simulations. J Geophys Res 118(3) 1122-1141... 

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