Selected Technical References

Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operations (CAMEO), National Safety Council, 1019 19th Street N.W., Suite 401, Washington, D.C., 20036. 

Chemical Hazard Response Information System (CHRIS), Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402-9328. 

Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand and Reinhold Co., 115 Fifth Avenue, New York, 10003. 

Dictionary of Chemical Names and Synonyms, CRC/Lewis Publishers, 2000 Corporate Blvd. N.W., Boca Raton, FL, 33431. 

---

Selected Technical References lUPAC Rnles of Nomenclatnre... 

A simple classification of surfactants based on the nature of the hydrophilic group is commonly used. Four main classes may be distinguished, namely, anionic, cationic, zwitterionic, and nonionic. A useful technical reference is McCutchen. Another useful text, by van Oss et al., gives a list of the physicochemical properties of selected anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactants. The handbook by Porter is also a useful book for classification of surfactants. Another important class of surfactants, which has attracted considerable attention in recent years, is the polymeric type. A brief description of the various classes is given below. 

Three main classes may be distinguished, namely anionic, cationic and amphoteric [3, 4]. A useful technical reference is McCutcheon [5], which is produced annually to update the list of available surfactants. A recent text by van Os et al. [6] listing the physicochemical properties of selected rmionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants has been published by Elsevier. Another useful text is the Handbook of Surfactants by Porter [7]. It should be mentioned also that a fourth class of surfactants, usually referred to as polymeric surfactants, has been used for many years for preparation of EW s (emulsion concentrates) and SC s (suspension concentrates) and their stabilization. 

Upon candidate selection, further reference is made to the individual PRIMAs for each assembly system type in order to fully understand the technical and economic implications of the final decision and explore system variants available. This is particularly advantageous when Figure 2.3 shows that a set of requirements is on the boundary of two assembly system types. 

Furfural has been used as a component in many resin appHcations, most of them thermosetting. A comprehensive review of the patent Hterature describing these uses is beyond the scope of this review. A few, selected recent patents and journal articles have been referenced. Resins prepared from the condensation products of furfural with urea (47), formaldehyde (48), phenols (49,50), etc, modified by appropriate binders and fillers are described in the technical Hterature for earlier appHcations, see reference 1, which contains many references in an appendix. 

The most effective specification is that which accomplishes the desired result with the fewest requirements. Properties and performance should be emphasized rather than how the objectives ate to be achieved. Excessive demonstration of emdition on the part of the writer or failure to recognize the usually considerable processing expertise held by the vendor results in a lengthy and overly detailed document that generally is counterproductive. Redundancy may lead to technical inconsistency. A requirement that cannot be assessed by a prescribed test method or quantitative inspection technique never should be included in the specifications. Wherever possible, tests should be easy to perform and highly correctable with service performance. Tests that indicate service life are especially useful. Standard test references, eg, ASTM methods, ate the most desirable, and those that ate needed should be selected carefully and the numbers of such references should be minimized. To eliminate unnecessary review activity by the would-be complier, the description of a standard test should not be paraphrased or condensed unless the original test is referenced. 

The ratings and sizes of main components and cables can be selected from manufacturers catalogues. But cables required for the switchgear internal control and power wirings, being typical of all, are normally identified by their cross-sectional area rather than the current ratings. We have therefore piovided the technical data and current ratings for the most common sizes of such cables for a ready reference in Table 13.15. 

To provide a reference for those working on power projects or at sites, we provide some important data on different types of LT and HT power cables in this appendix. The cables described here are in use for all kinds of power distribution applications. Of these, XLPE cables are also used for power transmission applictiiions. To help a user to select the most appropriate types of cables, we also provide a brief comparative chart of the various types of cables being manufactured. Tables giving the technical particulars of such cables in all voltage ratings have also been provided. 

The material in this section is divided into three parts. The first subsection deals with the general characteristics of chemical substances. The second subsection is concerned with the chemistry of petroleum it contains a brief review of the nature, composition, and chemical constituents of crude oil and natural gases. The final subsection touches upon selected topics in physical chemistry, including ideal gas behavior, the phase rule and its applications, physical properties of pure substances, ideal solution behavior in binary and multicomponent systems, standard heats of reaction, and combustion of fuels. Examples are provided to illustrate fundamental ideas and principles. Nevertheless, the reader is urged to refer to the recommended bibliography [47-52] or other standard textbooks to obtain a clearer understanding of the subject material. Topics not covered here owing to limitations of space may be readily found in appropriate technical literature. 

The above-mentioned targets refer to general advantages of micro reactors [42, 80, 100, 114, 119]. Enhanced transfer and better controlled residence time improve conversion and selectivity. The tools have small internal volumes, allowing one to generate flexibly a multitude of samples in serial or parallel fashion. Synthesis can be combined with a multi-step procedure. The economy of micro-reactor processes has not really been analyzed so far however, it is clear that as laboratory tools they allow in a number of cases technical expenditure, personnel and costs to be reduced. 

To test further this hypothesis, a simulated cell/tissue model system has been devised using quantitatively comparable cell fines, in which the amount of selected antigen (potential reference standard) can be measured accurately on a cell-to-cell basis in fresh and FFPE specimens that are processed under clearly defined but variable conditions, including periods of formalin fixation, delay times of fixation (prefixation time or warm ischemic time), storage conditions, and other technical issues such as thickness of each tissue section, in... 

Retention distance (or time) is normally used to aid the identification of a component of a mixture, provided that a known sample of the component has been subjected to separation under identical conditions. Because of the variations that can occur in the retention time due to technical factors, e.g. fluctuations in flow rate, condition of the column, the relative retention or selectivity factor (a) is sometimes used. This expresses the test retention time as a ratio of the retention time of another component or reference compound when both are injected as a mixture ... 

References (20, 22, 23, 24, 29, and 74) comprise the series of Technical Notes 270 from the Chemical Thermodynamics Data Center at the National Bureau of Standards. These give selected values of enthalpies and Gibbs energies of formation and of entropies and heat capacities of pure compounds and of aqueous species in their standard states at 25 °C. They include all inorganic compounds of one and two carbon atoms per molecule. 

This review will focus on the literature published from 1990 to the middle of 2003. Meanwhile, a certain amount of attention will also be allocated to the electrolytes for lithium batteries to avoid omitting the important progress made in these closely related fields. When selecting references, efforts were made to ensure academic quality as well as ready public accessibility. For this reason, patents, various technical reports, and conference/workshop presentations/ abstracts were avoided to the extent possible. There were exceptions, though, when there was no alternative reference source. Finally, although comprehensive coverage was attempted, it is essentially impossible to cover every aspect in an exhaustive manner. The choice of the references and the organization of the content reflect the personal view of the author only. 

---