Technical factors

Because of the high costs of raw materials and the relatively complex synthesis, the 2-cyanoacryhc esters are moderately expensive materials when considered in bulk quantities. Depending on the quantity and the specific ester or formulation involved, the prices for cyanoacryhc ester adhesives can range from approximately 30/kg to over 1000/kg. For these reasons, as weU as several technical factors related to handling and performance, cyanoacryhc ester adhesives are best suited to small bonding apphcations, very often where single drops or small beads are adequate for bonding. In such cases the cost of the adhesive becomes inconsequential compared to the value of the service it performs, and these adhesives become very economical to use. 

Paper or documentay standards are written articulations of the goals, quaUty levels, dimensions, or other parameter levels that the standards-setting body seeks to estabhsh. Value standards are a subset of paper standards and usually relate direcdy to society and iaclude social, legal, pohtical, and to a lesser extent, economic and technical factors. Such standards usually result from federal, state, or local legislation. 

Even with everything under control, an analyst is well-advised to keep his eyes open so he will have an idea of what artifacts could turn up, and can plan to keep irregularities in check. The list of items in Table 4.44 could turn up in the checklist of any GMP-auditor worth his salt a corresponding observation would probably trigger his suspicion that there might be further weak spots. The table is given here to provide the reader with an idea of the human and technical factors that can influence the quality of results, and to permit a search for examples that fit a certain category. 

The many technical factors involved in desizing and the need for economy and environmental accountability emphasise the importance of monitoring and analysis. However, only a brief outline can be given here. A review of analytical procedures and simple laboratory methods for size determination is available [193]. Methods are given for size determination directly on the fibre surface, for the extraction of components of low molecular mass and for their subsequent estimation in solution. 

A moderate growth of these production figures can be expected - depending on many socio-economic and technical factors. So the European appliance production is expected to grow by about 1 to 3% to about 65 million units in the next five years. 

Case-based reasoning has earlier been used for instance for equipment design. Koiranen and Hurme (1997) have used case-based reasoning for fluid mixer design and for the selection of shell-and-tube heat exchangers. They have included an estimation of design quality for the case retrieval beside technical factors. 

Retention distance (or time) is normally used to aid the identification of a component of a mixture, provided that a known sample of the component has been subjected to separation under identical conditions. Because of the variations that can occur in the retention time due to technical factors, e.g. fluctuations in flow rate, condition of the column, the relative retention or selectivity factor (a) is sometimes used. This expresses the test retention time as a ratio of the retention time of another component or reference compound when both are injected as a mixture ... 

TTie major features of a determination carried out on an automatic segmented-flow analyser, namely precision and rapidity, are highly influenced by technical factors such as the extent of carry-over and mixing of reactants, and the time during which the reactingplug remains in the system. 

In our experience it is not the target or the motive for innovation that contributes fundamentally to the flexibility or inertia of innovative systems, but rather the level of innovation. In accordance with our experience, hazardous substance substitution does not differ from other innovation processes that are driven by more economic or technical factors. Even comparatively simple substance-related innovations are not undertaken just to reduce risk. It is usually a technical matter of formula optimisation or a substitution of raw materials that has become too expen-... 

Decision-making process involving considerations of political, social, economic, and technical factors with relevant risk assessment information relating to a hazard so as to develop, analyze, and compare regulatory and non-regulatory options and to select and implement appropriate regulatory response to that hazard. 

Camargo, E.E., Szabo, Z., Links, J.M., et al. The influence of biological and technical factors on the variability of global and regional brain metabolism of 2-[18FJfluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. J. Cerebr. Blood Flow Metah. 12(2), 281-290, 1992. 

The majority of commercial electroplating involves an aqueous medium hence, depending on the pH of the solution, the metal ions will be present in the bath as aquo or hydroxo complexes. In many cases another complexing agent, usually cyanide, is added. Such baths are operated under alkaline conditions to prevent the release of HCN. The choice of a particular bath composition is determined by technical factors.Thus, for example, zinc—alkaline cyanide baths have an excellent macroscopic throwing power, that is the ability to produce a uniform plated surface on a substrate that has macroscopic irregularities. 

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