Sediment marine, hydrocarbons

Kennicutt M, McDonald T, Denoux G, et al. 1992a. Hydrocarbon contamination of the antarctic peninsula 1. Arthur harbor subtidal sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 24(10) 499-506. 

Benlahcen, K. T., Chaoui, A., Budzinski, H., Bellocq, J., and Garrigues, P. H., Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some Mediterranean coastal sediments. Marine Pollut. Bull, 34(5), 298-305, 1997. 

Branched alkenes from zooplankton Phytol-derived olefinic hydrocarbons have been isolated in low concentration from marine zooplankton (1) isomeric mono-olefins from mixed zooplankton from the Gulf of Maine by Blumer and Thomas (1965b) (2) isomeric phytadienes derived by dehydration of phytol, presumably by acid catalysis (Blumer and Thomas, 1965a) (3) C19 di- and tri-olefinic hydrocarbons (Blumer et al., 1969). These olefins are not present in ancient sediments and in petroleum and are therefore valuable markers in the distinction between marine hydrocarbons from organisms and from oil pollution. 

Varanasi, U., Stein, J.E., and Reichert, W.L. et al. (1992). Chlorinated and aromatic hydrocarbons in bottom sediments, fish and marine mammals in US coastal waters laboratory and field studies of metabolism and accumulation. In C.H. Walker and D.R. Livingstone (Eds.) Persistent Pollutants in Marine Ecosystems, Oxford, U.K. Pergamon Press, 83-118. 

Ketonic and quinonoid derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons have been identified in automobile (Alsberg et al. 1985) and diesel exhaust particulates (Levsen 1988), and have been recovered from samples of marine sediments (Fernandez et al. 1992). 

Chnng WK, GM King (2001) Isolation, characterization, and polyaromatic hydrocarbon potential of aerobic bacteria from marine macrofainal burrow sediments and description of Lutibacterium anuloederans gen. nov., sp. nov., and Cycloclasticus spirillensis sp. nov. Appl Environ Microbiol 67 5585-5592. 

Experiments using marine sediment slurries have examined the effect of pre-exposure to various aromatic hydrocarbons on the rate of subsequent degradation of the same, or other hydrocarbons. The results clearly illustrated the complexity of the selection process for example, whereas pre-exposure to benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, or phenanthrene... 

Bauer JE, DG Capone (1988) Effects of co-occurring aromatic hydrocarbons on degradation of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediment slurries. Appl Environ Microbiol 54 1649-1655. 

Coates JD, J Woodward, J Allen, P Philip, DR Lovley (1997) Anaerobic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes in petroleum-contaminated marine harbor sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 3589-3593. 

Sim PG, Boyd RK, Gershey RM, Gueveemont R, Jamieson WD, Qdilliam MA, and Geegely RJ (1987) A comparison of chromatographic and chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments. Biomed Environ Mass Spectrosc 14 375-381. 

Wise SA, Schantz MM, Benner BA Jr, Hays M J, and Schiller SB (1995) Certification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a marine sediment reference material. Anal Chem 67 1171-1178. 

Rossi, S.S. (1977) Bioavailability of petroleum hydrocarbons from water, sediments and detritus to the marine annelid, neanthes arenaceodentata. Proc. Oil Spill Conf, pp. 621-625. Am. Petrol. Inst., Washington DC. 

Zhang, Y., Wu, R.S.S., Hong, H.-S., Poon, K.-F., Lam, M.H.W. (2000) Field study on desorption rates of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated marine sediment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19, 2431-2435. 

May et al. [ 13] have described a gas chromatographic method for analysing hydrocarbons in marine sediments and seawater which is sensitive at the... 

Bauer, J.E. and O.G. Capone. 1985. Degradation and mineralization of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons anthracene and naphthalene in intertidal marine sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50 81-90. 

Braddock, J.F. and Z. Richter. 1998. Microbial Degradation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Marine Sediments. U.S. Dept. Interior, OCS Study MMS 97-0041. 82 pp. 

Dunn, B.P. 1980. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments, bivalves, and seaweeds analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Pages 367-377 in A. Bjorseth and A.J. Dennis (eds.). Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Chemistry and Biological Effects. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 

Neff, J.M. 1982a. Accumulation and release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water, food, and sediment by marine animals. Pages 282-320 in N.L. Richards and B.L. Jackson (eds.). Symposium Carcinogenic Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment. U.S. Environ. Protection Agency Rep. 600/9-82-013. 

Sauer TC, Brown JS, Boehm PD, et al. 1993. Hydrocarbon source identification and weathering characterization of intertidal and subtidal sediments along the Saudi Arabian coast after the Gulf War Oil Spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 27 117-134. 

Interlocutory, comparisons have been performed on the determination of selected trace aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments [25-27],... 

Whittle [29] has described a thin-layer chromatographic method for the identification of hydrocarbon marker dyes in oil polluted waters. McLeod et al. [25] conducted interlaboratory comparisons of methods for determining traces of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments. Agreement within a factor of 2 to 3 was obtained between the 12 participating laboratories. 

Krahn et al. [39] have described a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of 127 aromatic hydrocarbons and 21 chlorinated hydrocarbons in solvent extracts of marine sediments. 

Dunn and Stich [78] and Dunn [79] have described a monitoring procedure for polyaromatic hydrocarbons, particularly benzo[a]pyrene in marine sediments. The procedures involve extraction and purification of hydrocarbon fractions from the sediments and determination of compounds by thin layer chromatography and fluorometry, or gas chromatography. In this procedure, the sediment was refluxed with ethanolic potassium hydroxide, then filtered and the filtrate extracted with isooctane. The isooctane extract was cleaned up on a florisil column, then the polyaromatic hydrocarbons were extracted from the isoactive extract with pure dimethyl sulphoxide. The latter phase was contacted with water, then extracted with isooctane to recover polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The overall recovery of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in this extract by fluorescence spectroscopy was 50-70%. 

Baumard, R Budzinski, H. Garrigues, R Sorbe, J.C. Burgeot, T. Bellocq, J. 1998b, Concentrations of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in various marine organisms in relation to those in sediments and to trophic level. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 36 951-960. 

MacRae, J.D. and Hall, K.J. 1998, Comparison of methods used to determine the availability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 3809-3815. 

Table 22.2 Estimated Percent Labile/Marine Content for Acyclic Hydrocarbons in Arctic Shelf Sediments. ...

A large variety of hydrocarbons have been identified in marine sediments and petrolemn. These chains of carbon atoms vary greatly in munber and some are branched, as illustrated in Figure 22.8. Some have double or triple bonds. Hydrocarbons with double or triple bonds are said to be unsaturated with respect to hydrogen. 

Particular attention has been focused on the toxic effects of aromatic hydrocarbons because these chemicals have proven highly carcinogenic to humans and marine life. Of greatest concern are the PAHs, which are toxic to the benthos at the ppb level. The most common compounds are shown in Figure 28.20 their structures are based on fused aromatic rings. These high-molecular-weight compoimds are very nonpolar and, hence, have low solubilities. Once in seawater, they tend to adsorb onto particles and become incorporated in the sediments. The toxicity of PAHs is enhanced by photochemical reaction with UV radiation. Photo-activated toxicity is especially problematic in shallow-water sediments, such as found in estuaries. 

Cracking reactions Chemical reactions that occur during catagenesis and metagenesis in marine sediments and sedimentary rocks. During this process, petroleum compounds are formed as hydrocarbons are broken off heteroatomic macromolecules. 

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