Sediment 2 Diesel

The procedure most commonly employed (NF M 07-047 or ASTM D 2274) Is to age the diesel fuel for 16 hours while bubbling oxygen into it at 95°C. The gums and sediment obtained are recovered by filtration and weighed. There is no official French specification regarding oxidation stability however, in their own specifications, manufacturers have set a maximum value of 1.5 mg/100 ml. 

Other properties of interest are carbon residue, sediment, and acidity or neutralization number. These measure respectively the tendency of a fuel to foul combustors with soot deposits, to foul filters with dirt and rust, and to corrode metal equipment. Cetane number measures the ability of a fuel to ignite spontaneously under high temperature and pressure, and it only applies to fuel used in Diesel engines. Typical properties ol fuels in the kerosene boiling range are given in Table 1. 

Ketonic and quinonoid derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons have been identified in automobile (Alsberg et al. 1985) and diesel exhaust particulates (Levsen 1988), and have been recovered from samples of marine sediments (Fernandez et al. 1992). 

CRMs for Contaminants in Environmental Matrices For nearly two decades NIST has been involved in the development of SRMs for the determination of organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and chlorinated pesticides in natural environmental matrices such as fossil fuels (Hertz et al.1980 Kline et al. 1985), air and diesel particulate material (May and Wise 1984 Wise et al. 2000), coal tar (Wise et al. 1988a), sediment (Schantz et al. 1990, 1995a Wise et al. 1995), mussel tissue (Wise et al. 1991 Schantz et al. 1997a), fish oil, and whale blubber (Schantz et al. 1995b). Several papers have reviewed and summarized the development of these environmental matrix SRMs (Wise et al. 1988b Wise 1993 Wise and Schantz 1997 Wise et al. 2000). Seventeen natural matrix SRMs for the determination of organic contaminants are currently available from NIST with certified and reference concentrations primarily for PAHs, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofiirans (PCDFs) see Table 3.11. 

Hematological Effects. One case study reported that decreased hemoglobin concenu-ation and an increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate were noted in one man after washing his hands with diesel fuel over several weeks (Crisp et al. 1979). Effects resulting from inhalation versus dermal exposure could not be distinguished in this case. 

A number of environmental applications [3] have been performed in order to size characterize colloids collected in rivers (riverbome particles, SPM, and sediments), clay samples and ground limestone (from soils), coal particles, diesel soot particles (from combustion processes), or airborne particles in urban areas (from waste incinerators, vehicles, household-heating systems, and manufacturing). In many of these cases, not only the size but also the particle size distribution was important and thus, in conjunction with the traditional UV detector, specific detectors such as ETAAS, ICP-MS, ICP-AES were used [40] in order to obtain more detailed, more specific compositional information. 

A pilot-scale demonstration remediating harbor sediment was conducted 1 year before the SITE demonstration. Based on the pilot-scale demonstration, the processing costs for a fuU-scale, 110-ton/day unit were projected to be 230/ton (September 1992 U.S. dollars). It is assumed that the unit will be down approximately 30% of the time for maintenance and design improvements in the first year of operation. Based on this system availability, 28,105 tons can be processed in one year. This cost included estimates for variable costs, fixed costs, and deprecia-tion/insurance. Variable costs include diesel fuel for a mobile generator, hydrogen, and caustic. Fixed costs include labor diesel fuel for pumps, heaters, process equipment, and instrumentation propane, water and sewer and parts and supplies. Depreciation/insurance costs include capital cost depreciated over a 3-year period, general insurance costs, and pollution liabihty insurance. This analysis does not include costs for setup and demobilization (D128007, pp. 5.12-5.14). 

According to the technology developer, the technology can treat soils, sludges, and dredged sediments contaminated with organic contaminants ranging from diesel fuel to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). 

Marine residual fuels bunker fuel oil Grades ISO RMA through RML marine residual fuel and bunker fuel are blended from components such as atmospheric resid, vacuum resid, visbreaker resid, FCC bottoms, low-grade distillate, and cracked components. Bunker fuel has a maximum viscosity of 550 cSt 122°F (50°C), density of 0.990 g/cc, and sediment of 0.1 wt%. ISO marine fuel oil viscosities range from 10 to 55 cSt 212°F (100°C). These fuels are used in slow-speed diesel engines and boilers. 

PROBLEM DIESEL FUEL DARKENS IN COLOR AND SEDIMENT FORMS... 

High gum level/ sediment in gasoline or diesel fuel... 

Nguyen,T. H., Brown, R. A., and Ball, W. P. (2004). An evaluation of thermal resistance as a measure of black carbon content in diesel soot, wood char, and sediment. Org. Geochem. 35(3), 217-234. 

Reeves, A. D., and Chudek, J. A. (2001). Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of diesel oil migration in estuarine sediment samples. J. Indt. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 26, 77-82. 

Diesel fuel spill TT whole sediment I,I (Keller et ah, 1998)... 

Keller, A.E., Ruessler, D.S. and Chaffee, C.M. (1998) Testing the toxicity of sediments contaminated with diesel fuel using glochidia and juvenile mussels (Bivalvia, Unionidae), Aquatic Ecosystem Health and... 

CDDs have been measured in all environmental media including ambient air, surface water, groundwater, soil, and sediment. While the manufacture and use of chlorinated compounds, such as chlorophenols and chlorinated phenoxy herbicides, were important sources of CDDs to the environment in the past, the restricted manufacture of many of these compounds has substantially reduced their current contribution to environmental releases. It is now believed that incineration/combustion processes are the most important sources of CDDs to the environment (Zook and Rappe 1994). Important incineration/combustion sources include medical waste, municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, and sewage sludge incineration industrial coal, oil, and wood burning secondary metal smelting, cement kilns, diesel fuel combustion, and residential oil and wood burning (Clement et al. 1985 Thoma 1988 Zook and Rappe 1994). 

Nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, referred to as nitro-aromatic compounds hereafter, constitute one of the most troubling classes of environmental pollutants. They are derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that contain two or more fused aromatic rings made of carbon and hydrogen atoms and at least one nitro group (Fig. 10.1). Concern about these compounds arises partly from their ubiquity nitro-aromatic compounds are released to the environment directly from a variety of incomplete combustion processes [1] and are also formed in situ by atmospheric reactions of PAHs [2]. Nitro-aromatic compounds have been found in grilled food in diesel, gasoline, and wood-smoke emissions and are commonly found in atmospheric particulate matter, natural waters, and sediment [3-8],... 

Carman, K.R., Bianchi, T.S, and Kloep, F. (2000) The influence of grazing and nitrogen on benthic algal blooms in diesel-contaminated saltmarsh sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 107-111. 

A research vessel on Lake Ontario had a slow leak of diesel fuel as it cruised around the lake sampling sediment. Over a few days, this vessel lost 50 gal of diesel fuel. The research scientists on this vessel patched the leak, and then, being a conscientious group, they began to wonder about the environmental ramifications of this spill. They assumed that diesel fuel was composed entirely of n-hexadecane (C16H34), and looking... 

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