Secondary trading

A good example of how transparency and information diffusion can enhance supply security is secondary trading of transmission pipeline capacity in North America (US and Canada). Secondary trading not only improves the utilization of capacities, but also provides a way to secure forward deals in the natural gas market by eliminating the transportation risk. The US experience shows that secondary trading leads to liquid markets, a more-efficient use of the infrastructure, and a significantly increased supply security. 

In the United Kingdom, a quite different institutional model developed. Engineering was seen as growing from practical skilled crafts and was therefore kept from the universities and the sciences. Although the idea of a polytechnic education found its way to the U.K. in the form of polytechnic institutions, its implementation resembled the class structure in society where leadership in government and industry was dominated by university graduates, and where engineering was seen as a secondary trade—important but based in practical skills. 

At crowded airports, we need to make sure that slots are used as efficiently as possible and that airlines have a fair chance to develop their operations. Slots at airport must be distributed in a fair and non-discriminatory way. Today, we are recognizing for the first time that secondary trading is an acceptable way of allowing slots to be swapped among airlines. We will keep a close eye on the situation across Europe and ensure that secondary trading works to the advantage of consumers, but this system has already shown its value in... 

Secondary trading is the horizontal transfer of slots between persons allocated, or entitled to hold slots, by agreement between them (the parties), accompanied, if the parties wish, by payment of monetary (or other valuable consideration) from one to the other in respect of such transfer. See Study on the Impact of the Introduction of Secondary Trading at Community Airports, Volume 1 Report, November 2006, Mott MacDonald, at 4-1. 

From about 1815, fast vessels gave Salem, Massachusetts a virtual monopoly of the pepper trade with Sumatra. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the spice trade began to play a secondary role ia economic and pohtical influence. The demand for spices ia the United States directed the shift of the occidental spice center to New York while the oriental center was at Siagapore. 

A conservative estimate of the total value of the products from the mineral industry is ca 3.9 trillion ia terms of 1992 dollars (4). This estimate does not include the value of products derived from secondary sources such as recycling (qv) or reclamation. Secondary recovery is significant for certain commodities. For example, in 1992 ca 30% of the world steel (qv) production, 46% of the world refined lead output, 15% of the world refined copper (qv) production, and ca 30% of the aluminum (see Aluminumand ALUMINUM alloys) output from the Western world were clearly identified as being derived from scrap. The value of the world mineral commodity export trade in 1992 was ca 616,698 million ia 1992 dollars. This accounted for ca 18% of all commodities exported (4). 

Wet chemical methods determining titratable amine ate reported for products entering urethane (amine number as meq/g) or epoxy (AHEW = amine hydrogen equivalent weight) trade appHcations. For secondary amines /V-nitrosamine contaminants are reportable down to ppb using Thermoelectron Corporation thermal energy analy2er techniques. 

Secondary refrigerants shown below, listed under their generic names, are sold under different trade names. Some other secondaiy refrigerants appropriate for various refrigeration application will be listed under their trade names. More data could be obtained from the manufacurer,... 

Secondary cellulose acetate has also been used for fibres and lacquers whilst cellulose triacetate fibre has been extensively marketed in Great Britain under the trade name Tricel. 

A source of secondary data can be automotive trade press reports and independent reviews. Reading the comments about other vehicles can give you some insight into the needs and expectations of potential customers. 

The American Zinc Association is a trade organization comprising primary and secondary producers of zinc metal, zinc oxide and zinc dust marketed in the United States. 

The concentration of a solute has a considerable effect on the viscosity of the fluid and so on the surface convective resistance to heat flow. There is little published data on these effects, so applications need to be checked from basic principles. Industrial alcohol (comprising ethyl alcohol with a statutory addition of methyl alcohol to render it poisonous) may be used as a secondary refrigerant, either at 100% concentration or mixed with water. The fluid has a low viscosity and good heat transfer, but is nowlittle used on account of its toxicity and the fire risk in high concentrations. Other nonfreeze heat transfer fluids are used in specialist trades. 

The percentages shown are by wt TACOT is the trade name for a duPont high-temp-resistant secondary expl... 

Because it is concave and elliptical, the secondary mirror of a Gregorian telescope allows for simpler fabrication test set-ups, as a point-like source placed at one of the foci of the ellipse should be re-imaged aberration-free at the other focus. Convex hyperbolic mirrors require more complex set-ups. This disadvantage is usually more than balanced by the more compact arrangement, the savings implied by the shorter telescope structure and more compact enclosure offsetting the additional cost and complexity of the secondary mirror test set-up. This trade-off, however, applies in the context of current technology-... 

Later, in a modification to the above system, we reported the use of an indenylruthenium complex 2 as a racemization catalyst for the DKR of secondary alcohols, which does not require ketones but a weak base hke triethylamine and molecular oxygen to be achvated. The DKR with 2 in combination with immobilized Pseudomonas cepacia lipase (PCL, trade name. Lipase PS-C ) was carried out at a lower temperature (60°C) and provided good yields and high optical purities (Table 2). This paved the way for the omission of ketones as... 

Figure 13.18 Cost trade-offs for a process with byproduct formation from secondary reactions. (Reproduced from Smith R and Linnhoff B, 1988, Trans IChemE, CHERD, 66 195 by permission of the Institution of Chemical Engineers.)...

TOF analyzer it is critical for the mass resolution that the secondary ions are ejected at a precisely defined time. This means that the primary ion pulse should be as narrow in time as possible, preferably < 1 ns. At the same time maximum lateral resolution is desired. Unfortunately, there is a trade-off between these two parameters if the primary ion intensity is not to be sacrificed [122], Therefore, TOF-SIMS instruments have two modes of operation, high mass resolution and high lateral resolution. An advantage with the pulsed source is that an electron flood gun can be allowed to operate when the primary ion gun is inoperative. Thus, charge-compensation is effectively applied when analyzing insulating materials. 

Similar to the CNBM, the GDBM has been regarded as a supply-side model, as it emphasizes that the levels of defenses are indirectly determined by the supply of secondary metabolites, rather than actively regulated in order to fulfill defensive demands. The GDBM is based on the premise that there is a physiological trade-off... 

The basic cellulose unit contains three hydroxyl groups. The triester cellulose triacetate forms when cellulose is reacted with glacial acetic acid. Hydrolysis removes some of the acetate groups to form a secondary ester, which averages about 2.4 acetyl groups per unit rather than three. The secondary ester is then dissolved in acetone and the solution ejected through a spinneret to form fibers. Cellulose acetate processed in this manner is referred to as acetate rayon, but it may be more commonly known by its trade name Celanese. 

Yes No Secondary high explosive, Used in first World Trade Center terrorist incident ... 

---