Secondary metabolites production plant cell culture

In situ Extraction for the Enhanced Production of Secondary Metabolites in Plant Cell Cultures. 66... 

Secondary metabolites in plant cell culture are typically stored within the vacuolar compartments of the cells. Small amounts of metabolites are usually excreted into the medium or may appear in the medium due to cell lysis. In some cases, active transport of metabolites adjusts intracellular and extracellular levels in response to cellular conditions. Poor yields of secondary substances released into the medium may be caused by several factors. In those cases where low yield is due to cellularly mediated regulation of the ratio between intracellular and extracellular product concentrations, processes which reduce net medium concentrations such as enzymatic or non-enzymatic degradation, or volatility, should increase net production by depleting the level of the secondary substances in the culture medium. By using the so-called in situ extraction method, the accumulation of a secondary substance inside the cell, in the culture medium, and in the extraction phase should approach an equilibrium, which... 

Production of Secondary Metabolites in Plant Cell Cultures... 

Large-scale production of secondary metabolites by plant cell cultures. In DiCos-mo E, Misawa M (Eds.), Plant cell culture secondary metabolism Toward industrial application. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 11-52. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 50 189-216. 

Catharanthus roseus is probably the most extensively studied plant for secondary metabolite production in cell cultures. As such it is an excellent model system however, the levels of alkaloids produced are still far below amounts necessary for a commercially feasible process. The technology for the large-scale culture of C. roseus cells is available. Future studies should thus focus on the regulation of alkaloid production, with the aim of eventually applying genetic engineering to increase alkaloid levels. 

In order to improve yields and productivities of secondary metabolites in plant cell culture s it is essential the selection of the most elEcient plant growth regulators (auxins, cytokinins, gibberellic acid and abscicic acid) and the relationship between diem [74, 75]. 

In industry, enhancement of secondary metabolite production is crucial for successful application of plant cell culture technology. Among the manipulative techniques available to promote the productivity of useful secondary metabolites from plant cell cultures, the treatment of plant cells with various elicitors has been one of the best approaches for dramatically increasing the production of useful secondary metabolites. ... 

Large-scale production of secondary metabolites by plant cell culture seems to be feasible and attractive to industrial production. It has two major advantages over traditional monoculture methods [48] (1) controlled production of fine natural chemicals independent of climatic, edaphic, and political conditions and (2) higher quality and yield of the final product in well-defined systems. In recent years, metabolic engineering has opened a new promising perspective for improved secondary metabolites production. This approach can be used to improve production not only in cell culture but also in the plant itself or in other plant species or even other organisms. 

Shilpa K, Varun K, Lakshmi BS (2010) An alternate method of natural drug production eliciting plant secondary metabolite using plant cell culture. J Plant Sci 5 222-247... 

A technique that initially held promise for replacing whole plants, or parts of plants, for production of useful secondary metabolites is plant cell culture. After about ten years of intensive industrially-supported effort, many technical prob-... 

Schlatmann, J.E., Hoopen, H.J.G.T., and Heijnen, J.J. (1996) Large-scale production of secondary metabolites by plant cell cultures, in Plant Cell Culture Secondary Metabolism Toward Industrial Application (eds F. DiCosmo and M. Misawa), CRC Press. 

In the interdisciplinary field of biophysics and biotechnology, the bioeffects of electric field have received considerable interest for both fundamental studies on these interaction mechanisms and potential application. However, the effects of pulsed electric field (PEF) on secondary metabolism in plant cell cultures and fermentation processes have been unknown. Therefore, it would be very interesting to find out whether PEF could be used as a new tool for stimulating secondary metabolism in plant cell cultures for potential application to the value-added plant-specific secondary metabolite production. Furthermore, if the PEF permeabilization and elicitation are discovered in a cell culture system, the combination of... 

In situ extraction for the enhanced production of secondary compounds can be applied in bioreactors. In bioreactor systems low productivity is an important bottleneck, and only a few products are potential candidates for economically feasible production of secondary metabolites using plant cell biotechnology. Several approaches to increase the productivity of secondary metabolites in bioreactors have been made [12]. Among them elicitation and in situ extraction are typical techniques of current interest. Application of these techniques to cell culture systems sometimes increased the productivity to such an extent that they have sometimes been viewed as the gateway to commercial success [10]. However, general rules or suggestions concerning these techniques cannot be made because of the different characteristics of the cell culture systems. 

Many plant secondary metabolites produced by cell cultures and substrates used in culture media are often hydrophobic and have low solubility in aqueous medium. Improving the production of metabolites in the plant cell system has also been attempted by enhancing the solubilities of metabolites by using the cyclodextrin-guest complex formation. There are two major approaches, one involves the improvement of substrate solubility and the other improves metabolite. 

The most important fields of research for industrial applications, plant cell tissue and organ cultures are clonal propagation and secondary metabolite production. Plants cultivated in vitro have great changes in their morphological features, from cell tissue to differentiated embryo, roots, shoots or plantlets. 

Fujita, Y. and Tabata, M., Secondary metabolites from plant cells— Pharmaceutical applications and progress in commercial production. Plant Tissue and Cell Culture, pp 169-185, Alan R. Liss Inc., (1987)... 

Inorganic metal salts can induce secondary metabolism in plant cell cultures, such as Cu and Ag. Cu elicited phytoalexin production in rice plants. Adding AgNOs induced taxol biosynthesis. Rare earth metal salts, such as (NH4)2Ce(N03)6, can also increase the accumulation of paclitaxel in Taxus cells. Ginsenoside biosynthesis was elicited in cell cultures of Panax ginseng by vanadate. The metabolic action of inorganic metal salts inducing the accumulation of secondary metabolites may be similar to other natural chemical elicitors. ... 

Chattopadhyay S, Farkya S, Srivastava AK, Bisaria VS (2002) Bioprocess considerations for production of secondary metabolites by plant cell suspension cultures. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 7 138-149... 

Mulabagal V, Tsay H-S. (2004) Plant cell cultures — an alternative and efficient source for the production of biologically important secondary metabolites. Int J App Sci Eng 2 29 8. 

Plant cell culture is useful in laboratory and in industry because it allows plant natural products to be produced in a relatively controlled manner, and provides a supply of plant material that is not affected by sourcing problems, such as environmental, seasonal, geographical, and political factors.Also, plant cell culture allows for the tweaking and rearrangement of secondary metabolite biochemical pathways in order to produce novel metabolites, and to increase target compound yields, as well as allowing derivatives to be formed by introduction of analogs of natural intermediates.Plant cell culture can be performed with callus and suspension cultures, as well as with shoot cultures and hairy root cultures. These latter two approaches are especially useful when a metabolite is found to be produced more readily in differentiated cells. 

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