Clonal propagation

Simple plants Physcomitrella patens Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Lemna minor Containment, clonal propagation, batch consistency, secretion of proteins into medium, regulatory compliance, homologous recombination in Physcomitrella Scalability... 

Alfalfa, clover High yield, useful for animal vaccines, clonal propagation, homogenous N-glycans (alfalfa) Low protein stability in harvested material, presence of oxalic acid... 

Simmonds, N. W. (1997). A review of potato propagation by means of seed, as distinct from clonal propagation by tubers. Potato Res., 40, 191-214. 

Murashige [48] has proposed the concept of artificial seed as an approach to the mass propagation of elite plant varieties. Artificial seeds are expected to be a reliable delivery system for the clonal propagation of elite plants [49-51]. The delivery system has the potential for genetic uniformity, high yield, and low cost of production. Hairy root methodology is one of the promising candidates as material for artificial seed. 

Forskolin, a labdane diterpenoid, was isolated from the tuberous roots of Coleus forskohlii Briq. (Lami-aceae) [1], C. forskohlii has been used as an important folk medicine in India. Forskolin was found to be an activator of adenylate cyclase [2], leading to an increase of c-AMP, and now a medicine in India, Germany, and Japan. The production of forskolin is completely dependent on the commercial collection of wild and cultivated plants in India. We have already set up the production of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against forskolin [3]. The practical application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the distribution of forskolin contained in clonally propagated plant organs and the quantitative fluctuation of forsko-lin depend on the age of C. forskohlii [4,5]. As an extension of this approach, we present the production of the immunoaffinity column using anti-forskolin MAb and its application [6]. 

Clonal propagation of ipecac through shoot tip culture (Method I)... 

Ipecac plants clonally propagated by the method provided in the section 1.1 were used for the experimental materials. The potted plants acclimatized in a phytotron [25°C, 16 hr/day light (200 pEm S ), 80% relative humidity] for 1 month were transferred to the field in May (1987-1988) either soon (IM-plant) or after 1-year pre-cultivation (1 Y-plant) in a greenhouse (20 to 35 °C) and then cultivated under cheese cloth (50% shading rate). Plants cultivated in the field and greenhouse of Tsukuba and Tanegashima were periodically collected to determine their growth and alkaloid contents. 

Plant biotechnological application is promising as an alternative source for the production of pharmaceuticals. Clonal propagation of ipecac plants through shoot meristem culture [section 1.1] adventitious shoot formation on in vitro intemodal segment [section 1.4] and on cultured... 

Digitalis lanata Ehrh. (Scrophulariaceae), a biennial plant, is pharmaceutically important as a source of the cardenolides digoxin, lanatoside C, and deslanoside, which are commonly used in the treatment of heart diseases [4]. Tissue cultures of this plant have been investigated by many researchers [104, 105] for clonal propagation [106, 107] and the production [108, 109, 110 111] and biotransformation of cardenolides [112, 113, 114, 115]. 

In the meantime, the formation of the main alkaloids in C. ipecacuanha under a variety of conditions has been extensively investigated emetine (1) in callus cultures (49) and under the effects of L-tyrosine supplementation (5t)) emetine (1) and cephaeline (2) in Panamanian ipecac (57), in Nicaraguan ipecac (52), in regenerates obtained by clonal propagation (53,54), in tissue cultures (55) and under the effects of exogenous feeding of shikimic acid and L-phenylalanine (55), in cell suspension and excised root cultures (57), in adventitious root cultures (58), and in callus cultures (56,59) and the effects of age and electrokinetic potential (60) ipecoside (7) in the roots (61) and the effect oi Azotobacter, leaf mold, and farmyard manure on alkaloid content (62). In addition, micropropagation systems for C. ipecacuanha have been developed (63-65). 

The most important fields of research for industrial applications, plant cell tissue and organ cultures are clonal propagation and secondary metabolite production. Plants cultivated in vitro have great changes in their morphological features, from cell tissue to differentiated embryo, roots, shoots or plantlets. 

Live births of cloned sheep, cattle and goats have been achieved by somatic cell transfer, in which a nucleus donor cell is fused with an enucleated oocyte. Clonal propagation of... 

G. P. Schatten, Clonal Propagation of Primate Offspring by Embryo Sphtting, Science, 287 (2000), 317-321. 

Simultaneous plant exposure to the aerosols and control environment - efforts were made to minimize individual plant differegces which may be apparent even in clonally propagated species. Chambers were designed to allow simultaneous, yet separate, exposure of different branches of the same plant to aerosol and control environments where appropriate, this system also allowed whole plant exposure. 

Aitken-Christie, J. and Thorpe, T, A. (1984) Clonal Propagation Gymnosperms. In Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants, Vol. 1., Vasil, l.K (Ed.), 480p>p, Academic Press Inc., San Diego, 82-95. 

Lelu-Walter, M.A., Bernier-Cardou, M., and Klimaszewska, K. (2006) Simplified and improved somatic embryogenesis for clonal propagation of Pinus pinaster. Plant Cell Rep., 25 767-776. 

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