Plant secondary

S 111 fi 1 r-reco ve ry p lants Carbon-black plants (furnace process) Primary lead smelters Fuel-conversion plants Sintering plants Secondary metal-production plants Chemical-process plants ... 

Nessler, C.L., Metabolic engineering of plant secondary products. Transgenic Res. 3, 109, 1994. 

Morgan, J.A. and Shanks, J.V., Quantification of metabolic flux in plant secondary metabolism by a biogenetic organizational approach, Metabol. Eng. 4, 257, 2002. 

JulsingMK et al. (2006) Combinatorial biosynthesis of medicinal plant secondary metabolites. Biomol Eng 23(6) 265-279... 

The quantity, quality and purity of the template DNA are important factors in successful PGR amplification. The PGR is an extremely sensitive method capable of detecting trace amounts of DNA in a crop or food sample, so PGR amplification is possible even if a very small quantity of DNA is isolated from the sample. DNA quality can be compromised in highly processed foods such as pastries, breakfast cereals, ready-to-eat meals or food additives owing to the DNA-degrading action of some manufacturing processes. DNA purity is a concern when substances that inhibit the PGR are present in the sample. For example, cocoa-containing foodstuffs contain high levels of plant secondary metabolites, which can lead to irreversible inhibition of the PGR. It is important that these substances are removed prior to PGR amplification. Extraction and purification protocols must be optimized for each type of sample. 

Chemical manipulation of phenolic allelochemical production in plants has two potential values 1) for study of the role of phenolic allelochemicals in plant interactions with other organisms and 2) to alter such interactions for agricultural purposes. The first of these uses has already been accomplished on a limited scale (21, 22, 50, 51, 84, 86), however, there is no published evidence of the latter. This does not mean that herbicide and growth regulator-influences on plant secondary metabolism do not affect agricultural ecosystems by changing allelochemic compositions of plants. It is likely that this is the case, but it... 

Conn, E.E. (ed.). "The Biochemistry of Plants Secondary Plant Products" Academic Press New York, 1981. 

Bourgaud,F., Gravot, A., Milesi, S. and Gontier, E. (2001) Production of plant secondary metabolites ahistorical perspective. Plant Science (Shannon, Ireland), 161 (5), 839-851. 

Another field of research is the possibility offered by phytochemicals in protecting plants against diseases and pathogens (fungus, bacteria and nematodes). Numerous studies have suggested that plant-pathogen interactions are partially mediated via plant secondary metabolite production, despite the inconsistency revealed by some works on the ability of particular compounds to provide resistance to a specific pathogen. 

Koricheva J, Larsson S, Haukioja E and Keinanen M (1998), Regulation of woody plant secondary metabolism by resource availability hypothesis testing by means of metaanalysis , Oikos, 83, 212-226. 

Theis N and Lerdau, M (2003), The evolution of function in plant secondary metabolites , Int. J. Plant Sci., 164 (3 Suppl.), S93-S102. 

Wink M (1999), Introduction biochemistry, role, and biotechnology of secondary metabolites , in Michael Wink, Functions of Plant Secondary Metabolites and their Exploitation in Biotechnology, Annual Plant Reviews, Academic Press, UK, 3, 1-16. 

Heldt HW and Heldt F. 2005. Phenylpropanoids comprise a multitude of plant secondary metabolites and cell wall components. In Plant Biochemistry, 3rd ed. San Diego, CA Elsevier Academic Press, pp. 435 154. 

Seigler D. (1998) Flavonoids. Plant Secondary Metabolism. Norwell Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 151-192. 

WINK, M., Functions of Plant Secondary Metabolites and their Exploitation in Biotechnology, Sheffield Academic Press, 1999, 362 p. 

DONG, X., BRAUN, E.L., GROTEWOLD, E., Functional conservation of plant secondary metabolic enzymes revealed by complementation of Arabidopsis flavonoid mutants with maize genes, Plant Physiol., 2001,127,46-57. 

Recently, a new polyketide biosynthetic pathway in bacteria that parallels the well studied plant PKSs has been discovered that can assemble small aromatic metabolites.8,9 These type III PKSs10 are members of the chalcone synthase (CHS) and stilbene synthase (STS) family of PKSs previously thought to be restricted to plants.11 The best studied type III PKS is CHS. Physiologically, CHS catalyzes the biosynthesis of 4,2, 4, 6 -tetrahydroxychalcone (chalcone). Moreover, in some organisms CHS works in concert with chalcone reductase (CHR) to produce 4,2 ,4 -trihydroxychalcone (deoxychalcone) (Fig. 12.1). Both natural products constitute plant secondary metabolites that are used as precursors for the biosynthesis of anthocyanin pigments, anti-microbial phytoalexins, and chemical inducers of Rhizobium nodulation genes.12... 

Volume 28 Genetic Engineering of Plant Secondary Metabolism Proceedings of the Thirty-third Annual Meeting of the Phytochemical Society of North America, Pacific Grove, California, June-July, 1993... 

Perhaps the most interesting arthropodan defensive compounds from the point of view of structural diversity are the alkaloids. While alkaloids had long been believed to arise only as a consequence of plant secondary metabolism, it has become apparent over the last few decades that arthropods are both prolific and innovative alkaloid chemists. The millipede Polyzonium rosalbum, once thought to secrete camphor (20), in fact gives off a camphoraceous/earthy aroma produced by the spirocyclic isoprenoid imine polyzonimine (21). 

Humphrey AJ, Beale MH (2006) Terpenes. In Crozier A (ed) Plant secondary metabolites in diet and health. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 47-101... 

McKey D (1974) Adaptive patterns in alkaloid physiology. Am Nat 108 305-320 McKey D (1979) The distribution of secondary compounds within plants. In Rosenthal GA, Janzen DH (eds) Herbivores their interactions with plant secondary metabolites. Academic, New York, pp 55-133... 

In order for allelochemicals to enter the body of a herbivore, absorption must occur across the gut lining. Curtailing the initial absorption of dietary allelochemicals may be a herbivore s first line of defense against plant toxins. Studies have citied the lack of absorption or metabolism of lipophilic plant secondary metabolites (i.e., terpenes), conducive to phase I or II detoxification, in the gut of terrestrial herbivores rather these compounds are excreted unchanged in the feces (Marsh et al. 2006b). While physical barriers or surfactants have been used to explain this limited adsorption in both marine and terrestrial herbivores (Lehane 1997 Barbehenn and Martin 1998 Barbehenn 2001 for review of marine herbivores, see Targett and Arnold 2001), active efflux of plant allelochemicals out of enterocytes into the gut lumen has received limited attention until now. 

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