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Secondary lead economics

An economic analysis of the HRD flame reactor technology was performed by the U.S. EPA using 12 separate cost categories. Based on the assumptions made in the economic analysis, the estimated cost for treating secondary lead soda slag (SLS) ranges from 208 to 932 per ton. [Pg.659]

Italy. The consortium, COBAT, was created in 1988 with the responsibility for collection and marketing of used batteries, the re-treatment of collected batteries if market economics are not effective, and the research and development for cleaner recycling of spent batteries. The consortium comprises secondary lead smelters, battery manufacturers, scrap merchants, and battery retailers. The customer pays a fee on each battery, and this is used to fund COBAT. [Pg.492]

The difficulty for secondary plants is that, whilst the de-silverizing process (outlined in Section 15.3) can be used for the removal of low levels of silver in secondary lead bullion (i.e., up to 0.01 wt.%), the same amount of zinc must be added as for primary bullion that contains up to 0.5 wt.% silver. With this method, silver cannot be removed economically from recycled lead, as the cost of zinc alone... [Pg.509]

Water is essential to many of the processes in the secondary lead industry, and as clean water becomes an increasingly expensive commodity, it makes economic sense wherever possible to collect rainwater from surface water drains and to top-up process water requirements free of charge . The sound management of surface water... [Pg.541]

Secondary lead is primarily sourced from scrap lead-acid batteries but also processed scrap metallics such as sheet and pipe. Secondary operations are characterised by relatively small plants in comparison with primary smelters, and are sized to handle scrap availability within a local area. This is determined by the economics of scrap battery collection and transport to the secondary operation, and it follows that the largest secondary plants are located in the high vehicle density areas of the USA. [Pg.14]

The curve covers a broad range and is not particularly flat, which is usually the case for a mature commodity. However in the case of lead, economics can be dictated to a large extent by the recovery of by-products such as silver or low raw material costs, and relatively high costs expressed per tonne of lead can be tolerated enabling such smelters to survive. Secondary residues or lead residues from zinc or other smelting operations can be used to significantly reduce raw material costs. [Pg.280]

In spite of significant fundamental studies and its significant economic potential as an alternate route to alkenes, the oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes to alkenes is not currently practiced.383 The main reason is that the secondary oxidation of the primary alkene products limits severely alkene yields, which becomes more significant with increasing conversion. This is due mainly to the higher energies of the C—H bonds in the reactant alkanes compared to those of the product alkenes. This leads to the rapid combustion of alkenes, that is, the formation of carbon oxides, at the temperatures required for C—H bond activation in alkanes. [Pg.65]

The production of secondary metabolites from genetically modified plant cells can increase productivity dramatically and bring in the rapid commercialization of large-scale plant cultivation. However, genes responsible for the biosynthesis of economically important secondary metabolites have not yet been isolated. Since secondary metabolites are usually biosynthesized via the joint action of many gene products, many genes are required for each biosynthetic pathway leading to the production of secondary metabolites. [Pg.190]

Initial efforts aimed to identify a specific activity may, also, lead to a secondary response which may be unanticipated and eventually more useful and economically important. Many plant growth regulators have been developed in this way after accidental observations or via serendipity. Alar and ethephon are examples ( 5,6). [Pg.283]

To date, progress achieved clearly demonstrates the potential of cultured plant cells for secondary metabolite production. Use of concurrent immobilization/permeabilization procedures, as well as precursor and elicitor treatments, may open new avenues of increasing product yields and will consequently affect the economic aspects of plant cell culture in a positive manner. However, our understanding of the many biosynthetic pathways of desired secondary metabolites is incomplete and successful industrial scale plant cell culture processes are still limited. Results of research in the area of plant cell culture will increase our understanding of the biosynthesis of plant metabolites, enhance our knowledge of plant-microorganism or plant-plant interactions and can lead to entirely new products or product lines of desirable compounds currently not available to use. Such work can also lead to development of industrial scale production processes for products now produced and recovered by conventional methods. Also, the genetic variety of the 250,000 to 750,000 plant species available remains to be explored. Presently only 5 to 15% of these species have been subject to even... [Pg.78]

There has recently been considerable Interest In the use of ellcitors to activate biosynthetic pathways leading to relatively exotic plant secondary metabolites (19,95-98). Indeed, It may be possible to efficiently Isolate rare metabolites from cultured plant cells following their exposure to appropriate ellcitors. For example, Tyler et a1. (90) used fungal ellcitors to produce sangulnarine from Papaver cell suspension cultures and reused the same cells with a new round of medium and ellcitor. Such semicontinuous production schemes may permit the economic Isolation of rare secondary metabolites that behave as phytoalexins. [Pg.125]

The process of migration may lead to focussed movement of hydrocarbons into economic accumulations. The secondary migration of hydrocarbons may occur under hydrostatic or hydrodynamic conditions. Under hydrostatic conditions, the hydrocarbons migrate through the water-saturated carrier-reservoir rocks as separate phase hydrocarbons. Under hydrodynamic conditions, the hydrocarbons may be transported in continuous separate phase, in suspension or in aqueous solution. Under both hydrostatic and hydrodynamic conditions, the hydrocarbons ultimately appear as separate phase hydrocarbons before they can accumulate in a trap (Tissot and Welte, 1984). [Pg.161]

For clarity a definition of petroleum chemicals must indicate source, nature of material made, preparation, economic factors, and whether secondary and tertiary derivatives are included. Omission of any one of these points leads to vagueness or an excessively restrictive or an excessively broad meaning. [Pg.318]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.289 ]




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