Search method, literature

Literature Search. Method development begins with a litera-... 

In 1982, a comprehensive review by Fowler and Wolf listed 88 fluorine-18 radiochemicals [1] by 1990, a subsequent review [2] had listed over 280 compounds in a similar table, and although there are no more recent attempts to compile a comprehensive listing of such radiochemicals, at the most recent International Symposium on Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, there were over 140 individual abstracts involving fluorine-18 alone [3], indicative of the continued growth in the field of fluorine-18 radiochemistry. A few recent reviews are available for fluorine-18 radiopharmaceuticals [4-9], and the reader is directed to modem literature-searching methods to obtain a more complete listing of currently available radiochemicals. 

This is the most widely used naturally occurring rubber. The literature search shows that many research groups have prepared nanocomposites based on this rubber [29-32]. Varghese and Karger-Kocsis have prepared natural rubber (NR)-based nanocomposites by melt-intercalation method, which is very useful for practical application. In their study, they have found increase in stiffness, elongation, mechanical strength, and storage modulus. Various minerals like MMT, bentonite, and hectorite have been used. 

Literature search shows that epoxy-based nanocomposites have been prepared by many researchers [34-38]. Becker et al. have prepared nanocomposites based on various high-functionahty epoxies. The mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties were also investigated thoroughly [39 3]. The cure characteristics, effects of various compatibilizers, thermodynamic properties, and preparation methods [16,17,44 9] have also been reported. ENR contains a reactive epoxy group. ENR-organoclay nanocomposites were investigated by Teh et al. [50-52]. 

The author has not tried to include a complete ab-initio literature search in any particular area. The majority of references in the text are from recent publications (1980-2003). This is not because excellent older references are no longer relevant. Rather, these are frequently no longer used because (i) more recent work is a fine-tuned extension of prior work (ii) the classic texts list extensive work up to 1980 and (iii) older methods are frequently based on inferior or obsolete technology and thus direct transfer of methods may be difficult or impossible. Readers familiar with the classics in the field will find that almost everything has changed considerably. 

The size of the literature necessitates search methods and instruments with high sensitivity and specificity... 

To obtain statistically significant comparisons of ordered and disordered sequences, much larger datasets were needed. To this end, disordered regions of proteins or wholly disordered proteins were identified by literature searches to find examples with structural characterizations that employed one or more of the following methods (1) X-ray crystallography, where absence of coordinates indicates a region of disorder (2) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), where several different features of the NMR spectra have been used to identify disorder and (3) circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, where whole-protein disorder is identified by a random coil-type CD spectrum. 

In the data collection, a literature search was conducted to identify data source publications (1-40). The publications were screened and copies of appropriate data were made. These data were then keyed into the computer to provide a data base of critical properties for compounds for which experimental data are available. The data base also served as a basis to check the accuracy of the estimation methods. 

Step 3 Feasibility assessment Detemiine (via literature search, consultation, etc.) suitable candidate methods and assess the feasibility of these methods. The purpose of this step is to collect enough information to accurately define (or scope ) and prioritize the project. The amount of information required may vary considerably, depending on the magnitude of the proposed project. Significantly less information is required to develop a new method for an existing off-line analyzer than is required to justify spending several million dollars on a major installation of on-line analyzers. (The capabilities and limitations of NIR process analyzers are discussed in Section 15.2.4.)... 

Step-by-step details on how to complete this assignment are provided in subsequent chapters in this module. In this chapter, you will prepare to write by selecting your topic, conducting a literature search, and determining the broad IIVIRD (Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion) format for your paper. 

Read and review the Methods sections of the journal articles that you collected during your literature search (see chapter 2). As you read these articles, pay attention to how the authors organized their methods and what information they included. How much detail is included in descriptions of materials, instrumentation, procedures,... 

In chapters 3-5, we suggested that you begin Writing on Your Own by reviewing the targeted section (i.e., Methods, Results, and Discussion) in each of the articles that you collected during your literature search. To prepare to write the Introduction, however, we recommend that you review each article in its entirety, in order to summarize the major findings of each work. 

A literature search was usually the first step that resulted in the selection of an analytical method consistent with one of the common sampling methods. The objective of these methods is to... 

A computer literature search revealed no direct analytical method specific for sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate (NaDCC) or trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA). Each compound dissolved in water released chlorine in the positive oxidation state and formed complex equilibria reactions dependent on the pH of the solutions. NaDCC and TCCA are very strong oxidants and very reactive compounds, therefore, incompatible for chromatographic analysis. The only method that is used for analysis of compounds containing... 

To determine Sb in marine sediments by ETAAS, a direct method was developed based on quantitating the analyte in the liquid phase of the slurries (prepared directly in autosampler cups). The variables influencing the extraction of Sb into the liquid phase and the experimental setup were set after a literature search and a subsequent multivariate optimisation procedure. After the optimisation, a study was carried out to assess robustness. Six variables were considered at three levels each (see Table 2.13). In addition, two noise factors were set after observing that two ions, which are currently present into marine sediments, might interfere in the quantitations. In order to evaluate robustness, a certified reference material was used throughout, BCR-CRM 277 Estuarine Sediment (guide value for Sb 3.5 0.4pgg ). Table 2.13 depicts the experimental setup. 

What other purification techniques could be applied to the purification of a-lactalbumin Use a MEDLINE literature search. Study the following references for methods that have been applied to the isolation and purification of a-lactalbumin W. G. Gordon and W. F. Semmett,/. Atner. Cbem. Soc. 75,328 (1953). W. G. Gordon and J. Ziegler, Biochem. Prep. 4,16 (1955). U. Brodbeck, W. L. Denton, N. Tanahashi, and K. E. Ebner,/ Biol. Cbem. 242,1391 (1967). F. J. Castellino and R. L. Hill,/. Biol. Cbem. 245, 417 (1970). L. Lindahl and H. Vogel, Anal. Biocbem. 140,394(1984). 

We have carried out an extensive literature search on sample preparation technologies and found many papers on conventional chromatography and capillary electrophoresis methods but few on NLC and NCE. It is important to mention here that sample preparation methodologies used in conventional chromatography and capillary electrophoresis can be used in NLC and NCE. The interested reader can consult our earlier books for details [20,21], However, attempts have been made to describe sample preparation protocols required in NLC and NCE techniques. Some of the important requirements and preparations are discussed below. 

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