Searching Chemical Literature

Chemical Absiracis search chemical literature anil applications... 

There are many topics (such as searching chemical literature, Current Contents, or Citation Index the choice of hardware and maintaining the system use of statistical packages, etc.) that could be included into the book, but at some point a selection of what are the most common, and at the same time the most important, aspects of PCs in chemistry must be made. After all, the readers will judge if too many vital topics were omitted or not. 

Yohsiharu Izumi, Masaya Ogawa, and Shunji Kato, How to Search Chemical Literature, Enlarged Edition, Kagaku Dojin Publishing, Kyoto, 1986. 

Until recently searching the chemical literature meant looking only at printed materials (some of which might be on microfilm or microfiche). Now, however, much of the literature can be searched online, including some of the most important. Whether the search is online or uses only the printed material, there are two basic types of search, (1) searches for information about one or more specific compounds or classes of compounds, and (2) other types of searches. First, we will discuss searches using only printed materials, and then online searching. ... 

Such techniques mean that the chemical literature may be used more effectively, and that its use can be partially automated. Might this lead to a way of automating organic synthesis To make most molecules there are many strategies which may be successful. If each reaction of each strategy can be evaluated for similarity to a reaction recorded in the literature, it should be possible to develop a route to most molecules by mechanically searching the chemical literature, so that suitable precedent is found for every transformation. 

The next step would be to allow computers which can calculate chemical properties to interact automatically with computers which can search the chemical literature. This would enable the literature results to be extended to the precise systems of interest for a particular synthesis. If a new alcohol is being oxidised, then the effect of the surroundings could be calculated, while the experimental protocol could be taken from the paper. Thus, the literature results would guide the calculations. The calculations would also guide the literature searching, because the calculation may suggest a side reaction which could be checked in the literature. Literature precedent may be a more reliable guide than calculation as to which of several possible reactions is likely to work best. 

It is only just becoming possible to use information technology to routinely search the chemical literature and to do chemical calculations which are directly useful to synthetic chemists. Each of these fields is likely to develop in a powerful way in its own right over the next decades. 

DF Brown. Library techniques in searching. In Searching the Chemical Literature, Advances in Chemistry Series. Washington American Chemical Society, 1951, pp. 146-157. 

There were a number of practical and theoretical issues to be addressed. A key scientific question was whether fixation in formalin modified antigens in a reversible or irreversible manner. To be more specific, was there any theoretical or prior scientific evidence that the effects of formalin fixation on proteins could be reversed, and if reversed, was the structure of protein restored to a sufficient degree for recovery of antigenicity With these key questions in mind, one of the authors (Shi) spent many days and nights in 1988 searching the chemical literature under somewhat adverse conditions, with a second job as an apprentice in a supermarket, and prior to the increased efficiency of such searches that is afforded today by the Internet and online databases. The answer was finally found in a series of studies of the chemical... 

This is the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry number. Chemical Abstracts, published by the American Chemical Society, is a listing of the abstract or summary written for any paper in the chemical literature. Every compound made gets a number. This makes for easy searching by computer, as well as by hand. 

Irnidazo[ 1,2-tf ]py ridines were covered in CHEC(1984) <1984CHEC(6)613> along with others imidazoles fused to six-membered rings and they were reviewed together with imidazo[l,5- ]pyridines in CHEC-II(1996) <1996CHEC-II(8)249>. The chemical literature on this heterocycle is very abundant, due to its easy synthesis (most of the preparations use readily available 2-aminopyridines) and to the very broad spectrum of bioactivities displayed by many derivatives. A simple Beilstein search on the fully conjugated heterocycle (free sites everywhere) disclosed ca. 3000 hits for the past decade. Therefore, this chapter cannot be exhaustive in view of space limitations, but will mainly focus on the original synthetic methods that have appeared in the last decade. 

This review is conceived as a progress report. It includes only compounds of selenium and tellurium with the element directly bonded to fluorine. The chemical literature of the last 10 years, including 1979, has been searched thoroughly, and emphasis has been placed on facts rather than on interpretation. There are some earlier reviews covering the same area "Fluorine Compounds of Selenium and Tellurium 1970 (40), "Inorganic Selenium Chemistry 1975 (48), and "Inorganic Chemistry of Tellurium 1975 (53). 

The primary chemical literature has been surveyed up to the end of 1990. Chemical Abstracts subject and chemical substance indexes have been searched up to and including Volume 110. References appeared in Volumes 111 and 112 and a few more references from the later literature have been added to the Appendix (Chapter 7, Section D). 

In preparing this article, the primary chemical literature through July of 1996 was surveyed. Chemical Abstracts Subject and Chemical Substance Indexes through and including Volume 124 were searched. Throughout this article, the name and numbering style favored by Chemical Abstracts is used, and this style is indicated on Schemes 1-3. 

Some approved chemical abbreviations and acronyms, with their spelled-out equivalences, are given in table 3.2. When in doubt if an abbreviated form is correct, check The ACS Style Guide or search the literature (using, e.g., the search engine on the ACS Web site). 

The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) reprints titles and abstracts from refereed journal articles to facilitate searches of the chemical literature. 

The list of separations given here cannot be regarded as exhaustive. Many separations done in RPC are reported in such a fashion that it is difficult to discover them as RPC separations using standard methods of searching the literature. Furthermore, the reports of separations of certain chemical classes, e.g. amino acids or catecholamines, are so prevalent that only a fraction of the references were used in the interest of keeping the reference list to manageable size. 

It is a pleasure to acknowledge the help of Dr. G. W. A. Milne in searching the literature for compounds related to those under discussion in this paper using the Structure And Nomenclature Substructure Search (SANSS) component of the NIH-EPA Chemical Information System (29). Important communications with Drs. J.-P. Anselme, S. S. Hecht, G. R. Krow, R. N. Loeppky, S. S. Mirvish, and S. R. Tannenbaum are also gratefully acknowledged. 

Sulfolane was first described in the chemical literature in 1916. It has been noted for its exceptional chemical and thermal stability and unusual solvent properties. The search for a commercial process to produce sulfolane began about 1940. Market development quantities became available in 1959. Since then, both the use of and the applications for sulfolane have increased dramatically. 

You work in the chemical industry and you are asked to synthesize two different carbamates of either Type I or Type II (see below). One carbamate should have a hydrolysis half-life of approximately 1 month at 25°C and pH 8.0, while the hydrolysis half-life of the other one should be about 10 months at 25°C and pH 9.0. You assume that only the base-catalyzed reaction is important at the pHs of interest, and you search the literature for kB values for these types of compounds. For some Type I compounds kB values are given in Illustrative Example 13.6, and for some Type II compounds you find the data given below. What are the structures of the molecules that you are going to synthesize in order to get the desired half-lives ... 

Selecting analytical Search the chemical literature to find appropriate procedures or, procedures if necessary, devise new procedures to make the required... 

In the present article the primary chemical literature up to the end of 1997 has been surveyed the Subject and Chemical Substance indexes of Chemical Abstract up to and including Volume 126 have been searched. 

As mentioned above, this third part of the plant psychedelic alkaloid world involves tetrahydroisoquinolines and is the substance of our third book. A very reasonable appendix to be written for this book would be a search of the chemical literature for the known isoquinolines that might be of interest as pharmacological agents. There are certainly many plant products, as well as a monster inventory of synthetics, some of which are made based on plant examples, but many others are simply laboratory creations of the imaginative chemist. 

The discovery of semiconductor integrated circuits by Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley, Kilby, and Noyce was a revolution in the micro and nano worlds. The concept of miniaturization and integration has been exploited in many areas with remarkable achievements in computers and information technology. The utility of microchips was also realized by analytical scientists and has been used in chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. In 1990, Manz et al. [1] used microfluidic devices in separation science. Later on, other scientists also worked with these units for separation and identification of various compounds. A proliferation of papers has been reported since 1990 and today a good number of publications are available in the literature on NLC and NCE. We have searched the literature through analytical and chemical abstracts, Medline, Science Finder, and peer reviewed journals and found a few thousand papers on chips but we selected only those papers related to NLC and NCE techniques. Attempts have been made to record the development of microfluidic devices in separation science. The number of papers published in the last decade (1998-2007) is shown in Fig. 10.1, which clearly indicates rapid development in microfluidic devices as analytical tools. About 30 papers were published in 1998 that number has risen to 400 in... 

---