Searching the literature

For very recently introduced drugs, see Drugs in Current Use and New Drugs, a soft-covered annual which reflects the American scene. Because of official 

More quantitative data can be obtained either from reference books or from computerized databanks. Let us deal first with the books. A selection of ionization constants is given in Albert and Serjeant (1984). Exhaustive compilations of ionization constants are listed on p. 383. Recently determined values may be located through Chemical Abstracts through the entry Ionization in Liquids in the General Subject Index, or under the name of the particular substance in the Chemical Substance Index. For the prediction of ionization constants from the chemical structure, see Perrin, Dempsey and Serjeant (1981). The standard compilations of the stability constants of chelated metals are given at the end of Section 11.3 (p. 459). 

A useful list of 5800 partition coefficients is given by Hansch, Leo and Elkins (1971). They are presented as log P values in the system octanol/water or, if determined in another system, they are transposed to octanol/water values. The book Substituent Constants for Correlation Analysis (Hansch and Leo, 1979) has two very useful tables. Table VI-1, headed Well-characterized Aromatic Substituents contains the following information for 166 groups  

Hydrophobic substituent constants (tt) (the possibly more useful hydro-phobic fragmental constants are in Appendix III), 

A statement of whether the substituent is hydrogen-bonding, hydrogen-bondable, or neither, 

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Search the literature for the experimental results for the H—O bond lengths and the H—O—H bond angle, and include a discussion of the comparison in your report. 

Katz et fl/.[l] searched the literature for data that could be used to identify the pertinent dispersion equation for a packed column in liquid chromatography. As a result of the search, no data was found that had been measured with the necessary accuracy and precision and under the sufficiently diverse solute/mobile phase conditions required to meet the second criteria given above. It became obvious that a... 

It is the purpose of the present review to examine in what wa the Hammett equation can be applied to heterocyclic systems, to give examples of such applications, and to examine the special problems which arise in the process. In view of the tremendous difficulties involved in systematically searching the literature for the type of data required, no attempt wiU be made at an exhaustive coverage of all available information. The different possible applications will be discussed and, where feasible, illustrated. If an unjustified number of such illustrations are taken from the authors work, this should be... 

The theory of the separation of geometric isomers on stationary phases that have a number of sterogenic centers has not been developed to the point where a particular stationary phase together with an appropriate mobile phase can be deduced for the separation of a specific pair of isomers. A number of theories have been put forward to explain the resolution of geometric isomers (some of which have been quite "imaginative" and "colorful") yet a reliable theory to help in phase selection for a hitherto unresolved chiral pair is still lacking. Unfortunately, the analyst is left with only two alternatives. The first is to search the literature for a model separation similar to the problem in hand and start with that phase system or, alternatively, resort to the technique of the early days of LC, namely, find the best phase system by a trial-and-error routine. 

In the course of these investigations it became apparent that the numerical values of AEmv s contained important information concerning molecular weight controlling events. Thus, it was decided to search the literature thoroughly and to assemble and evaluate available information in this regard. 

Search the literature for correlations for k[Ai and holdup to see if they predict a similar scaleup. 

Computers have been widely used in the daily practice of the medicinal chemist to search the literature of research articles and patents for competitive intelligence. They have also been extensively used for structure-based... 

Readers who are unfamiliar with the sources of information, and the techniques used for searching the literature, should consult one of the many guides to the technical literature that have been published such as those by Lord (2000) and Maizell (1998). 

These solution NMR and X-ray crystallographic findings have been contradicted by X-ray structures solved by Rypniewski et al.32 The results show a reduced active site unchanged from the oxidized state and let these authors to propose a five-coordinate copper ion that exists throughout the oxidation and reduction process. In 2001 the Protein Data Bank listed 39 X-ray crystallographic and NMR solution structures for CuZnSOD, including oxidized, reduced, genetically modified, and other species with or without attached substrates or substrate mimics such as azide ion. The reader is advised to search the Protein Data Bank for additional and more up-to-date structural depositions and search the literature for further discussion of mechanism. 

It is particularly worthwhile to search the literature for data generated by others before embarking on a durability trial, including data published in the technical literature and manufacturers own data sheets. Even if no totally suitable data is available there may be information which can add to, or help substantiate, your own results (for details see Chapter 10). However, all such data should be seen in the context of the general environmental resistance of materials, which will at least enable the potential candidates to be short listed and unsuitable materials eliminated. 

Animal names follow the original literature. Thus, the house mouse appears here variously as Mus mtisculus, Mus musculus domesticus, or Mus domesticus. Retaining the original version may facilitate searching the literature. Charr is Canadian for Char. ... 

While searching the literature for such positive information. 

Some approved chemical abbreviations and acronyms, with their spelled-out equivalences, are given in table 3.2. When in doubt if an abbreviated form is correct, check The ACS Style Guide or search the literature (using, e.g., the search engine on the ACS Web site). 

As you may have noticed in excerpt 7A, some abstracts also include a list of keywords. Keywords, required in many journals, help readers locate relevant works when they search the literature. Guidance in selecting keywords is provided in Information for Authors documentation for journals that require them. Even if the journal that you are targeting does not require keywords, it is wise to create a list anyway and incorporate as many of these words as possible into your title and abstract. Doing so will greatly increase the probability that your paper will be found by interested individuals searching the literature. 

In this text we will typically employ the more common (semisystematic or trivial) names of polymers but it is important in searching the literature using any CA-driven search engine that you are familiar with CA naming for both monomers and polymers. 

The list of separations given here cannot be regarded as exhaustive. Many separations done in RPC are reported in such a fashion that it is difficult to discover them as RPC separations using standard methods of searching the literature. Furthermore, the reports of separations of certain chemical classes, e.g. amino acids or catecholamines, are so prevalent that only a fraction of the references were used in the interest of keeping the reference list to manageable size. 

Is there a clear question Frame the question as a PECO For any patient, there will be many possible questions. Hence, the astute clinician must weigh the possible questions and, having done so, chose one or two. Then, having framed the question as a PECO, the clinician must search the literature for (1) a systematic review (2) a metanalysis (3) a relevant article or (4) a treatment guideline that includes the question being asked, using EBM principles to evaluate the chosen article. 

It is a pleasure to acknowledge the help of Dr. G. W. A. Milne in searching the literature for compounds related to those under discussion in this paper using the Structure And Nomenclature Substructure Search (SANSS) component of the NIH-EPA Chemical Information System (29). Important communications with Drs. J.-P. Anselme, S. S. Hecht, G. R. Krow, R. N. Loeppky, S. S. Mirvish, and S. R. Tannenbaum are also gratefully acknowledged. 

The study examined the pertinent sections of the two relevant statutes, the FFDCA and PHSA, and their implementing regulations in the Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 (21 CFR). We searched the literature for relevant documents, especially for the type of pertinent reports that seldom get entered in the archival literature. 

You work in the chemical industry and you are asked to synthesize two different carbamates of either Type I or Type II (see below). One carbamate should have a hydrolysis half-life of approximately 1 month at 25°C and pH 8.0, while the hydrolysis half-life of the other one should be about 10 months at 25°C and pH 9.0. You assume that only the base-catalyzed reaction is important at the pHs of interest, and you search the literature for kB values for these types of compounds. For some Type I compounds kB values are given in Illustrative Example 13.6, and for some Type II compounds you find the data given below. What are the structures of the molecules that you are going to synthesize in order to get the desired half-lives ... 

Some of the software to support chemometric methods is available in commercial form. Other software can be located by searching the literature or compilations such as the Scientific Computing and Automation Resource Directory. However, many methods of chemomelrics are available only from the developers or through reports in the scientific literature rather than as software. It is likely that software well suited to ocean science would have to be produced by combining commercially available software with custom-written software to gain the specificity needed. 

These predictions of effect of solvent polarity on reaction rates were first made by Hughes and Ingold in 1935. They searched the literature of direct displacement reactions and found that for charge types 1-3 the experimental facts agreed with their predictions. For example, the reaction of ethyl iodide with triethylamine (Equation 4.9) an SN2 displacement of type 2, does proceed more... 

Because of its excellent mechanical and electrical properties c-BN is of great interest for a number of applications (e.g. grinding powders, wear parts, electronic parts, etc.). Searching the literature, the impression arises that the applications of c-BN are kept a bit secret. Most of the relevant references are patents (up to 90% depending on the topic) giving less exact data about the process. Papers published in journals giving detailed information are rare. 

The discovery of semiconductor integrated circuits by Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley, Kilby, and Noyce was a revolution in the micro and nano worlds. The concept of miniaturization and integration has been exploited in many areas with remarkable achievements in computers and information technology. The utility of microchips was also realized by analytical scientists and has been used in chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. In 1990, Manz et al. [1] used microfluidic devices in separation science. Later on, other scientists also worked with these units for separation and identification of various compounds. A proliferation of papers has been reported since 1990 and today a good number of publications are available in the literature on NLC and NCE. We have searched the literature through analytical and chemical abstracts, Medline, Science Finder, and peer reviewed journals and found a few thousand papers on chips but we selected only those papers related to NLC and NCE techniques. Attempts have been made to record the development of microfluidic devices in separation science. The number of papers published in the last decade (1998-2007) is shown in Fig. 10.1, which clearly indicates rapid development in microfluidic devices as analytical tools. About 30 papers were published in 1998 that number has risen to 400 in... 

The estimation of external cost is a scientific held in development. To find more data, the reader could search the literature on external cost or future cost. ... 

Primary sources documented after each chapter minimize the need to search the literature, 80 illustrations provide structural information, reaction schemes, spectra, speciation diagrams, and biochemical schemes, and 22 tables present detailed information with references to primary sources. Packed with current and authoritative information, the book covers chemistry and bioinorganic vanadium chemistry in a broad and systematic manner that engenders comprehensive understanding. 

W. H. Brock, Searching the literature to learn how the term ligand became part of the English language , J. Chem. Inf. Comp. Sci., 1982, 22, 125-129. 

We want to emphasize that the foregoing review was not meant to be exhaustive, and is almost entirely limited to results in dilute, aqueous solution. We apologize in advance to those authors whose important work has been overlooked. We know of no practical, systematic way to search the literature for the sort of results we have summarized. 

Patent examiners, in examining a patent application, will search the literature to determine whether, in their view, the claimed invention is already described in the literature or prior art (i.e., the invention is not novel), or whether it can be said to be obvious in view of what is described in the literature. The findings of the examiner will be reported to the inventor in an Official Action or rejection notice, identifying what the examiner considers to be the closest relevant art. For the purposes of illustration, a U.S. rejection on the grounds of obviousness will usually start ... 

We now investigate a case where the driving force of enthalpy change is negligible. If we search the literature to find a compound whose standard enthalpy of formation, AfH° is close to zero, one example is silver (I) chlorite, AgClC>2(s). If we examine its decomposition reaction in which it forms its elements in their standard states (Af H° for each of which is also zero), then the decomposition ... 

V. M. Potapov and E. K. Kochetova, Chemical Information For What, Where, and How Chemists Search the Literature, Khimiya, Moscow, 1979. 

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