Scanning optics

The basic purpose of the lenses in a scanning electron microscope is to form a focused beam spot at the specimen. The diameter of the focused [Pg.53]

The STEM/CTEM is complicated, as the same lenses are used for two tasks. A special objective lens used in STEM/CTEM can be highly excited, that is it can have large magnetic fields, or more technically, k [5]. The part of the field before the specimen then acts as a third condenser. The remainder of the field continues to act as a magnifying lens, reducing the divergence of the probe and allowing transfer of electrons to the transmission detector, which is located below the fluorescent screen. In this case the condenser/objective is critical in both modes of operation for STEM mode it will be referred to as the final condenser. [Pg.54]

If a vanishingly small beam current is allowed, a minimum possible probe diameter (4iin can be calculated [9,50] (Section 2.3.1). If chromatic aberration is neglected, this is essentially identical to the calculated minimum size of the re- [Pg.54]

As when imaging with lenses, the depth of field is the resolution divided by the divergence angle a. At a resolution of 10 nm and a = 5 mrad, the depth of field is 2 jum. Geometrically, the diver- [Pg.54]

For a given beam current i and beam energy E, the probe diameter d is given by [Pg.60]

6E the energy spread in the beam in eV a the beam divergence angle at the focused spot, diameter d [Pg.60]

Cc the chromatic aberration coefficient of the final condenser lens [Pg.60]

NSOM Near-Held scanning optical microscopy [103a] Light from a sharp tip scatters off sample Surface structure to 3 nm... [Pg.313]

Kino G S and Xiao G Q 1990 Real time scanning optical microscope Confocai Microscopy ed T Wilson (New York Academic)... [Pg.1673]

Cork T and Kino G S 1996 Confocal Scanning Optical Microscopy and Related Imaging Systems (New York Academic) Gu Min 1996 Principles of Three Dimensional Imaging In Confocal Microscopes (Singapore World Scientific)... [Pg.1674]

Sheppard C J R 1987 Scanning optical microscopy Adv. Opt. Electron Microscopy 10 1-98 Cooke P M 1996 Chemical microscopy Anal. Chem. 68 333-78... [Pg.1675]

Betzig E, Finn P L and Weiner J S 1992 Combined shear force and near-field scanning optical microscopy/4pp/. Phys. Lett. 60 2484... [Pg.1730]

Fischer U Ch, Durig U T and Pohl D W 1988 Near-field scanning microscopy in reflection Appl. Phys. Lett. 52 249 Cline J A, Barshatzky FI and Isaacson M 1991 Scanned-tip reflection-mode near-field scanning optical microscopy Ultramicroscopy 38 299... [Pg.1730]

Betzig E and Chichester R J 1993 Single molecules observed by near-field scanning optical microscopy Science 262 1422... [Pg.1730]

Figure Bl.22.11. Near-field scanning optical microscopy fluorescence image of oxazine molecules dispersed on a PMMA film surface. Each protuberance in this three-dimensional plot corresponds to the detection of a single molecule, the different intensities of those features being due to different orientations of the molecules. Sub-diffraction resolution, in this case on the order of a fraction of a micron, can be achieved by the near-field scaiming arrangement. Spectroscopic characterization of each molecule is also possible. (Reprinted with pennission from [82]. Copyright 1996 American Chemical Society.)...

$Figure Bl.22.11. Near-field scanning optical microscopy fluorescence image of oxazine molecules dispersed on a PMMA film surface. Each protuberance in this three-dimensional plot corresponds to the detection of a single molecule, the different intensities of those features being due to different orientations of the molecules. Sub-diffraction resolution, in this case on the order of a fraction of a micron, can be achieved by the near-field scaiming arrangement. Spectroscopic characterization of each molecule is also possible. (Reprinted with pennission from [82]. Copyright 1996 American Chemical Society.)...$

Hamann H F, Gallagher A and Nesbitt D J 1999 Enhanced sensitivity near-field scanning optical microscopy at high spatial resolution Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 1469-71... [Pg.2505]

Grober R D, Harris T D, Trautman J K and Betzig E 1994 Design and implementation of a low temperature near-field scanning optical microscope Rev. Sc/. Instrum. 65 626-31... [Pg.2505]

Higgins D A and Barbara P F 1995 Excitonic transitions in J-aggregates probed by near-field scanning optical microscopy J. Chem. Phys. 99 3-7... [Pg.2510]

Hollars C W and Dunn R C 2000 Probing single molecule orientations in model lipid membranes with near-field scanning optical microscopy J. Phys. Chem 112 7822-30... [Pg.2511]

Near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM)... [Pg.663]

Nc.ar-Fi ld Scanning Optical Microscope.. The near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) should, strictiy speaking, be NSLM for near-field scanning light microscopy because "optical" includes electron optical as well as light optical and NSOM is a light microscope. [Pg.333]

K., Sekkat, Z. and Kawata, S. (1999) Near-field scanning optical microscope using a metallized cantilever tip for nanospectroscopy. Proc. SPIE, 3791,40-48. [Pg.37]

Hayazawa, N Inouye, Y. and Kawata, S. (1999) Evanescent field excitation and measurement of dye fluorescence using a high N.A. objective lens in a metallic probe near-field scanning optical microscopy J. Microsc., 194, 472-476. [Pg.37]

Schaller, R. D., Johnson, J. C Wilson, K R., Lee, L. F., Haber, L. H. and Saykally, R. J. (2002) Nonlinear chemical imaging nanomicroscopy from second and third harmonic generation to multiplex (broad-bandwidth) sum frequency generation near-freld scanning optical microscopy. [Pg.113]

NSOM Near-field scanning optical PES Photoelectron spectroscopy... [Pg.758]

Kwak, E. S. and Vanden Bout, D. A. (2003). Fully time-resolved nearfield scanning optical microscopy fluorescence imaging. Anal. Chim. Acta 496, 259-66. [Pg.143]

Nearfield scanning optical Determine single molecules on surfaces Negative staining Useful for detergent-extracted cytoskeletons, membrane fractions, organelles... [Pg.29]

Microscopic techniques, 70 428 Microscopists, role of, 76 467 Microscopy, 76 464-509, See also Atomic force microscopy (AFM) Electron microscopy Light microscopy Microscopes Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) acronyms related to, 76 506-507 atomic force, 76 499-501 atom probe, 76 503 cathodoluminescence, 76 484 confocal, 76 483-484 electron, 76 487-495 in examining trace evidence, 72 99 field emission, 76 503 field ion, 76 503 fluorescence, 76 483 near-held scanning optical,... [Pg.586]

Near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM), 16 501-503 Near-infrared absorbing dyes, 9 341 Near-infrared spectroscopy (nir),... [Pg.614]

Other more advanced microscopic techniques have been developed, including near-held scanning optical microscopy [166] and scanning probe microscopy techniques, such as atomic force microscopy and scanning tunnelling microscopy [166, 167],... [Pg.11]

For samples thicker than the depth of field, the images are blurred by out-of-focus fluorescence. Corrections using a computer are possible, but other techniques are generally preferred such as confocal microscopy and two-photon excitation microscopy. It is possible to overcome the optical diffraction limit in near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM). [Pg.354]

The resolution of a conventional microcope is limited by the classical phenomena of interference and diffraction. The limit is approximately X/2, X being the wavelength. This limit can be overcome by using a sub-wavelength light source and by placing the sample very close to this source (i.e. in the near field). The relevant domain is near-field optics (as opposed to far-field conventional optics), which has been applied to microscopy, spectroscopy and optical sensors. In particular, nearfield scanning optical microscopy (N SOM) has proved to be a powerful tool in physical, chemical and life sciences (Dunn, 1999). [Pg.356]

Dunn R. C. (1999) Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy, Chem. Rev. 99, 2891— 927. [Pg.379]

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