Scanning optics techniques

Laser Doppler Vibrometry (LDV) is a sensitive laser optical technique well suited for noncontact dynamic response measurements of microscopic structures. Up to now, this technology has integrated the micro-scanning function for... 

The concept of resolution in AFM is different from radiation-based microscopies because AFM imaging is a three-dimensional imaging technique. There is an important distinction between images resolved by wave optics and those resolved by scanning probe techniques. The former is limited by diffraction, whereas the latter is limited primarily by apical probe geometry and sample geometry. Usually the width of a DNA molecule is loosely used as a measure of resolution, because it has a known diameter of 2.0 nm in its B form. 

Microscopic techniques, 70 428 Microscopists, role of, 76 467 Microscopy, 76 464-509, See also Atomic force microscopy (AFM) Electron microscopy Light microscopy Microscopes Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) acronyms related to, 76 506-507 atomic force, 76 499-501 atom probe, 76 503 cathodoluminescence, 76 484 confocal, 76 483-484 electron, 76 487-495 in examining trace evidence, 72 99 field emission, 76 503 field ion, 76 503 fluorescence, 76 483 near-held scanning optical,... 

Other more advanced microscopic techniques have been developed, including near-held scanning optical microscopy [166] and scanning probe microscopy techniques, such as atomic force microscopy and scanning tunnelling microscopy [166, 167],... 

For samples thicker than the depth of field, the images are blurred by out-of-focus fluorescence. Corrections using a computer are possible, but other techniques are generally preferred such as confocal microscopy and two-photon excitation microscopy. It is possible to overcome the optical diffraction limit in near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM). 

Experiments using the DCC approach aimed at the discovery of improved phosphor materials have also been described. [9] In this case, samples are evaluated optically, an approach well suited to direct comparisons of large numbers of samples, although it is somewhat difficult to compare the results to the optical properties of bulk materials. Further spectroscopic evaluations of individual elements of the sample array are also easily accomplished by a variety of approaches including scanning fiber techniques. One concern in studies of phosphors is the sensitivity of the optical behavior including fluorescence intensity to processing effects such as details of the microstructure or surface preparation. 

Science is entering into the nanoscale world, and the organization of microscale or nanoscale biomaterial structures on surfaces has been demonstrated and is a subject of extensive research effort.184,851 Single biomaterial molecules have been imaged on surfaces,186 871 and the individual affinity interactions of biomaterials probed at the molecular level.188,891 While the different scanning microscopy techniques provide useful means to image and manipulate biomaterials on surfaces, the use of the near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) 9<) in the activation of photoswitchable biomaterials on surfaces should be emphasized specifically. One... 

The techniques involved are single-molecule spectroscopy including optical (fluorescence) methods and single-molecule mechanical manipulation including scanning probe techniques (e.g., force measurements). 

Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM) is a technique which enables users to work with standard optical tools integrated with scanning probe microscopy (SPM). The integration of SPM and certain optical methods allows for the collection of optical information at resolutions well beyond the diffraction limit. 

Near-field scanning optical microscopy is a scanning probe technique that enables optical measurements to be conducted with very high spatial resolution [7-9]. NSOM overcomes the diffraction barrier that restricts the spatial resolution in conventional optical measurements and provides both optical and topographical information on samples with nanometric spatial resolution. 

Refs. [i] Minsky M (1988) Scanning 10 128 [ii] Wilson T, Sheppard CJR (1984) Scanning optical microscopy Academic Press, London [Hi] Corle TG, Kino GS (1996) Confocal scanning optical microscopy and related techniques. Academic Press, New York [iv] Delhaye M, Barbil-lat J, Aubard J, Bridoux M, Da Silva E (1996) Instrumentation. In Rur-rell G, Corset J (eds) Raman microscopy developments and applications. Academic Press, San Diego [v] Ren B, Lin XF, Jiang YX, Cao PG, Xie Y, Huang QJ, Tian ZQ (2003) Appl Spectrosc 57 419... 

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