Microscopy confocal scanning optical microscop

Cork T and Kino G S 1996 Confocal Scanning Optical Microscopy and Related Imaging Systems (New York Academic) Gu Min 1996 Principles of Three Dimensional Imaging In Confocal Microscopes (Singapore World Scientific)... 

Microscopic techniques, 70 428 Microscopists, role of, 76 467 Microscopy, 76 464-509, See also Atomic force microscopy (AFM) Electron microscopy Light microscopy Microscopes Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) acronyms related to, 76 506-507 atomic force, 76 499-501 atom probe, 76 503 cathodoluminescence, 76 484 confocal, 76 483-484 electron, 76 487-495 in examining trace evidence, 72 99 field emission, 76 503 field ion, 76 503 fluorescence, 76 483 near-held scanning optical,... 

Three major advancements in resolution have occurred since Hookes s discovery of the optical microscope in 1665 [46]. In 1873, Ernst Abbe established fundamental criteria for the resolution limit in optical microscopy [47], which did not exceed the range of a couple of 100 nanometers even after the introduction of the confocal optical microscope [43,48]. The invention of the transmission electron microscope by Ernst Ruska in 1933 extended the resolution of microscopes to the nanometer scale [49]. Finally, scanning tunnelling microscopy introduced, by Binnig and Rohrer in 1981, made a breakthrough when atomic... 

The WITec alpha300 R confocal Raman microscope can be upgraded to perform atomic force microscopy (AFM), tip-enhanced Raman spectrometry and near-field scanning optical microscopy, and is arguably the most versatile instrument for Raman microspectroscopy available today. 

Both the light microscope (LM) and the confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM) operate in the micron range. The advantage of the CLSM is that it allows for measurements of dynamic events such as crack propagation and three-dimensional reconstructions. Moreover, the optical resolution in the CLSM is about 40% better than in the LM. The CLSM also makes it possible to study bulk samples with a minimum of preparation, which is quite important when handling multiphase colloidal structures such as emulsions. 

On the other hand, optical microscopy, confocal microscopy, ellipsometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) are the main microscopic methods for imaging the surface structure. There are many good books and reviews on spectroscopic and chemical surface analysis methods and microscopy of surfaces description of the principles and application details of these advanced instrumental methods is beyond the scope of this book. 

Deconvolution microscopy achieves the same Image-sharpening effect as confocal scanning microscopy but through a different process. In this method, Images from consecutive focal planes of the specimen are collected. A separate focal series of images from a test slide of subresolution size (i.e., 0.2 (jim diameter) bead are also collected. Each bead represents a pinpoint of light that becomes an object blurred by the imperfect optics of the microscope. Deconvolution... 

---