Scanning optics fundamentals

The advantages of the confocal scanning optical system over conventional microscopy are several fold (Table 5.18). Pawley [93] has described the fundamental limits of confocal microscopy. Confocal... 

Three major advancements in resolution have occurred since Hookes s discovery of the optical microscope in 1665 [46]. In 1873, Ernst Abbe established fundamental criteria for the resolution limit in optical microscopy [47], which did not exceed the range of a couple of 100 nanometers even after the introduction of the confocal optical microscope [43,48]. The invention of the transmission electron microscope by Ernst Ruska in 1933 extended the resolution of microscopes to the nanometer scale [49]. Finally, scanning tunnelling microscopy introduced, by Binnig and Rohrer in 1981, made a breakthrough when atomic... 

B. Hecht, B. Sick, U. P. Wild, V. Deckert, R. Zenobi, O. J. F. Martin and D. W. Pohl, Scanning near-field optical microscopy with aperture probes Fundamentals and applications, J. Chem,. Phys. 112, 7761 (2000). 

All complexes are optically transparent at the fundamental frequency corresponding to the measurement wavelength of 800 nm. Measured in THF by the Z-scan technique. Results are referenced to the nonlinear refractive index of silica 2 = 3 x lO- cm W". ... 

---