Insects, scale

Petroleum Oils. When satisfactorily stable kerosene—soap—water emulsions were produced in 1874, dormant (winter) oil sprays became widely used to control scale insects and mites (1). The first commercial emulsion or miscible oil was marketed in 1904 and by 1930 highly refined neutral or white oils, free from unsaturated hydrocarbons, acids, and highly volatile elements, were found to be safe when appHed to plant foHage, thus gready enlarging the area of usefulness of oil sprays (see Petroleum). 

Wouters, J. and Verhecken, A., The scale insect dyes species recognition by HPLC and diode-array analysis of the dyestuffs, Annales Soc. Entom. France, 25, 393,1989. 

Chinese insect wax (or pe-la) 79-83 Scale insect (Coccus ceriferus) Cosmetic, sealer... 

Chinese wax is a white to yellowish-white, gelatinous, crystalline, water-insoluble substance obtained from the secretion of the scaled insect Coccus ceriferus, common in China and India. Chinese wax is used chiefly in the manufacture of polishes, sizes, and candles and is traditionally employed in Chinese medicine. It is basically made up of ceryl cerotate (esacosanoyl esacosanoate) and esacosanol [78,79]. 

K.S. Brown, The chemistry of aphids and scale insects, Chemical Society Reviews, 4, 263 288 (1975). 

Table II lists the insects that cause important damage to the banana plant or fruit. Thrips and scale insects cause most damage by impairing the appearance of the fruit, but they do not impair its food quality.

The same sort of balance must be maintained in the use of insecticides. DDT furnished an excellent example in Florida. It killed the young scale insects, but it also killed so many of the parasites and predators that terrific scale populations resulted, which were difficult to bring under control. Obviously, selective insecticides are needed, which kill only injurious insects. Lacking this perfect answer, however, insecticides are used which are relatively less damaging to the friendly insects as compared to their effect on deleterious insects. 

Symptoms Plants are weakened by the feeding scales and leaves may fall. Scale Insects excrete honeydew, which drops onto leaves below. Black sooty molds (q.v.) may grow on this. 

Several inferences can be drawn from these data that may suggest the impacts to be expected at the consumer and decomposer levels. Accelerated leaf drop may influence the development of pests—namely, aphids, scale insects, and red citrus mites. Pest populations might be increased if injured leaves had higher concentrations of amino acids or free sugars before abscission (see Chapter 11) or diminished if leaves fell too rapidly. Leaf and fruit drop would provide a larger substrate for populations of decomposer organisms at the soil surface. 

Lacewings Stalked egg 1 inch long insect lacy wings Feed on aphids, mites, scale insects and many insect eggs... 

Perhaps the best known of these are the scale insects, family Coccidae (order Homop-tera), represented by the San Jose scale. This species has for many years been a serious pest of deciduous fruits. Another group within this family, the mealy bugs, are also susceptible to oil sprays. Oils used in control of these species are directed against the adults or partially grown forms. 

The treated fruit infest with red scale were held for 21 days in a cabinet maintained at 80 F. and 85% relative humidity. By the end of this period the scale insects that had succumbed to the treatment had become desiccated and discolored. When live scales are punctured with a needle a drop of fluid, which may be seen readily under 5- to 7-power magnification, exudes aroimd the puncture. Dead scales are dry and easily distinguished. The dead scales on an equatorial band about 1.5 inches wide were counted. 

The properties and characteristics available for paraffinic fraction 5 appear to be in line with those of the other fractions of the paraffinic series and do not infficate an explanation for a difference in performance against adult California red scale. A similar deviation did not occur in the case of the correlations established for eggs of the citrus red mite. Since the work of Ebeling (7) indicated that contact of oil with the scale insect is generally accomplished by penetration of the oil imder the scale armor, the spreading ability of the oil film appears to be an important factor in the efficiency of an oil against adult California red scale. 

Since the development of emulsions for horticultural use about 1870, petroleum oils have been employed in many fields of insect control. On horticultural crops they serve as dormant sprays for scale insects, mites, insect eggs, and certain hibernating caterpillars as summer sprays for mites and scale insects as attractants in poison baits as additives to increase the effectiveness of other insecticides and as carriers for many toxicants. 

A. Too many Whitefly is a big problem for greenhouse grown plants. Aphids, slugs, caterpillars, thrips, spider mites, and scale insects can also damage your plants. Root rot and stem rot can be problems. Fungal spots can appear in leaves. It is not known which plant viruses attack Salvia divinorum but many attack other sages. 

Aphids and scale insects can be removed with a cotton swab dipped in isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol. 

Many species of the Ladybug family (Coccinellidae) play a beneficial role in controlling populations of harmful insects such as aphids, mealy bugs and scale insects (70MI30800). Ladybugs have few natural enemies. When disturbed they emit droplets of a fluid from their joints which serve as an efficient deterrent to would-be predators. 

Although there are many other kinds of insect waxes, only two are of economic importance namely, shellac wax and Chinese insect wax. Shellac wax is derived from the lac insect, a parasite that feeds on the sap of the lac tree indigenous to India. The commercial wax is not ordinarily the native Indian lac wax, but is a by-product recovered from the dewaxing of shellac spar varnishes. Lac wax melts at 72-80°C, whereas commercial shellac wax melts at 80-84.5°C. Its high melting point and dielectric properties favor its use in the electrical industry for insulation. Chinese insect wax is the product of the scale insect. 

Honeydew honey is produced not from floral nectar but from the sweet liquid excreted by plant-lice (Aphididae), jumping plant-lice (Psyllidae), and bark-lice or scale-insects 0Coccidae). These insects feed on plant juices and their excretions fall on the foliage of trees like dew, hence the term honeydew. ... 

Foldi I. (1986) Ultrastructure and histochemistry of the oviductal glands of the scale insect Porphyrophora crithmi (Homoptera Margarodidae). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 22, 145-152. 

Uses soil application of insecticide to control root flies, root worms and other soil insects in vegetables foliar application to control Colorado beetles on potatoes scale insects and mite eggs on citrus fruit stem borers and leafhoppers on rice, maize and sugar cane and white flies on cotton aside from control of mosquito larvae, it is also used as acaricide and animal ectoparasiticide. 

Chemical Name ethyl 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylcarbamate ethyl[2-(/>phcnoxy)ethyl - carbamate Uses insecticide to control lepidoptera, scale insects, andpsyllids on fruit, cotton and ornamentals and also cockroaches, fleas, mosquito larvae, and fire ants in public health situations. 

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