Floral nectar

Ferreres, F., Andrade, P., and Tomas-Barberan, F. A. (1996a). Natural occurrence of abscisic acid in heather honey and floral nectar. /. Agric. Food Chem. 44, 2053-2056. 

The literature mentions that alkaloids and other secondary compounds also occur in floral nectar, pollen, honeydew, leaves, stems and roots of Herbivores, omnivores... 

Wackers, F. L. 2005. Suitability of (exfra-)floral nectar, pollen, and honeydew as insect food sources. In Plant-Provided Food for Carnivorous Insects A Protective... 

Heimpel, G. E. and Jervis, M. A. 2005. Does floral nectar improve biological control by parasitoids In Plant-Provided Food for Carnivorous Insects A Protective Mutualism and Its Applications (Wackers, F. L., van Rijn, P. C. J. and Bruin, J., eds), pp. 267-304. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. 

It has long been recognized that boron is required by higher plants [61, 62], and recent research indicates the involvement of boron in three main aspects of plant physiology cell wall structure, membrane function, and reproduction. In vascular plants, boron in solution moves in the transpiration stream from the roots and accumulates in the stems and leaves. Once in the leaves, the translocation of boron is limited and requires a phloem transport mechanism. The nature of this mechanism was only recently elucidated with the isolation of a number of borate polyol compounds from various plants [63-65]. These include sorbitol-borate ester complexes isolated from the floral nectar of peaches and mannitol-borate ester complexes from the phloem sap of celery. The implication is that the movement of boron in plants depends on borate-polyol ester formation with the particular sugar polyol compounds used as transport molecules in specific plants. 

Extrafloral nectaries include a wide range of nectar-excreting structures, which are distinguished from their floral counterparts by the fact that they are not involved in pollination. Extrafloral nectar is typically dominated by sucrose and its hexose components glucose and fructose. The fact that these common sugars are acceptable to the majority of insects, combined with the exposed nature of extrafloral nectaries, makes them suitable food sources for abroad range of insects. Compared with floral nectar, extrafloral nectar often has increased fructose and glucose levels (Tanowitz... 

G. H. (1991). What does it cost a plant to produce floral nectar Nature 350 58-59. 

Tanowitz, B. D. and Koehler, D. L. (1986). Carbohydrate analysis of floral and extra-floral nectars in selected taxa of Sansevieria (Agavaceae). Annals of Botany 58 541-545. 

Raguso, R. A. (2004). Why are some floral nectars scented Ecology, in press. 

Baker, H.G., and I. Baker. 1983. Floral nectar sugar constituents in relation to pollinator type. In, C.E. Jones and R.J. Little, eds.. Handbook of experimental pollination biology. Scientific and Academic Editions. New York. 

Honeydew honey is produced not from floral nectar but from the sweet liquid excreted by plant-lice (Aphididae), jumping plant-lice (Psyllidae), and bark-lice or scale-insects 0Coccidae). These insects feed on plant juices and their excretions fall on the foliage of trees like dew, hence the term honeydew. ... 

Many plants produce floral nectar-containing components that are toxic or repellent to some visitors. Particular minor components, including alkaloids, phenolics, glycosides, and sometimes sugars and amino acids, have been... 

Baker, H.G. and Baker, 1. (1977). Intraspecific constancy of floral nectar amino acid complements. Bot. Gaz. 138,183-191. 

The association of beekeeping and agriculture provide a rise in profits as for farmer as for beekeeper. However, the quantity and/or quality of the sugars in floral nectar like the pollination of cultivated crops by honeybees have an economic and social role well-established and significant currently. 

Baker, H.G. Baker, I. (1983). A brief historical review of the chemistry of floral nectar. In Bentley, B. Elias, T.S. (Eds.) The biology of nectaries. Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-04446-2, New York, USA... 

Freeman, C.E. Worthington, R.D. Corral, R.D. (1985). Some floral nectar-sugar compositions from Durango and Sinaloa, Mexico. Biotropica, Vol. 17, p. 309-313, ISSN 0006-3606... 

Harbone, J.B. (1998). Phytochemical methods a guide to modern techniques of plant analysis, Chapman Hall, ISSN 0973-1296, New York, USA Heinrich, B. (1979). Resource heterogeneity and patterns of movement in foraging bumblebees. Oecologia, Vol. 40, p. 235-245, ISSN 00298549 Herrera, CM. Veja, C. Canto, A. Pozo, ML (2009). Yeasts in floral nectar a quantitative survey. Annals of Botany, Vol. 103, No. 9, p>p. 1425-1423, ISSN 1095-8290 James, RR. Pitts-Singer, T.L. (2008). The future of agricultural pollination. In ... 

Schirmer, L.R. (1985). Abelhas ecologkas, Nobel, Sao Paulo Nobel, ISBN 9253012536 Severson, D.W. Erickson, J.E.H. (1984). Quantitative and qualitative variation in floral nectar of soybean cultivars in southeastern Missouri. Environmental Entomology, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 91-96, ISSN 1938-2936... 

Ferreres F, Andrade P, Gil MI, Tomas-Barberan FA. Floral nectar phenoUcs as biochemical markers for the botanical origin of heather honey. Fur Food Res Technol. 1996 202 40 -44. 

Boros et al. [85] investigated the floral nectar of different Datura species as a potential source of intoxication. Atropine and scopolamine were quantified by HPLC on an Ascentis Express Cig column (50 x 2.1 mm) packed with 2.7 pm fused-coie particles and monitoring using the SIM acquisition mode by ESl-MS/MS detector. 

Boros B, Farkas A, Jakabova S, Bacskay I, Kilar F, Felinger A (2010) LC-MS Quantitative determination of Atropine and Scopolamine in the Floral Nectar of Datura Species. Chromatographia 71 (Copyright (C) 2012 American Chemical Society (ACS). All Rights Reserved.) S43-S49. doi 10.1365/sl0337-010-1524-y... 

The ratio of sucrose-derived hexoses, fructose and glucose, in the floral nectar of Anigozanthos flavidus (Haemodoraceae) was observed to be different from 1 1, which cannot be explained by the simple action of inver-tases. Various NMR techniques were used to investigate how such an unbalanced ratio of the two nectar hexoses can be formed. In vivo MRI (e.g. cyclic J cross-polarization) was used to detect carbohydrates in vascular bundles and H-1 spin echo imaging non-invasively displayed the architecture of tepal nectaries and showed how they are connected to the vascular... 

Wiens F, Zitzmaim A, Lachance MA, et al. Chronic intake of fermented floral nectar by wild treeshrews. Proc Nad Acad Sci USA. 2008 105 10426-10431. 

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