SBSE

Solid-phase microextraction eliminates many of the drawbacks of other sample preparation techniques, such as headspace, purge and trap, LLE, SPE, or simultaneous distillation/extraction techniques, including excessive preparation time or extravagant use of high-purity organic solvents. SPME ranks amongst other solvent-free sample preparation methods, notably SBSE (Section 3.5.3) and PT (Section 4.2.2) which essentially operate at room temperature, and DHS (Section 4.2.2),... 

Another recently developed technique is headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) with PDMS stir bars [552]. HSSE-GC was compared with SHS and HS-SPME. SBSE and HSSE extract organic analytes from aqueous or vapour samples. In SBSE, the stir bar is inserted into the aqueous sample and extraction takes place during stirring whereas in HSSE the glass rod is suspended within the headspace volume and sampling takes place during headspace equilibration. New trends are the development of selective sorbents. 

Whereas SPE is a sample cleanup method, SPME is essentially a solvent-free sampling method. Stir bars in hyphenated SBSE-TDS-CGC configuration for product control analysis are a powerful tool for the extraction and analysis of organic compounds in aqueous matrices. 

Sandra and David [37] have reported on validation studies for SHS-HSGC, Py-HSGC, on-line LVI-GC, on-line SPME-GC, on- and off-line SPE-GC, on-line and off-line derivatisation-GC, SBSE-TD-GC, and PTV-LC(SEC)-GC. 

Miniaturisation of scientific instruments, following on from size reduction of electronic devices, has recently been hyped up in analytical chemistry (Tables 10.19 and 10.20). Typical examples of miniaturisation in sample preparation techniques are micro liquid-liquid extraction (in-vial extraction), ambient static headspace and disc cartridge SPE, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). A main driving force for miniaturisation is the possibility to use MS detection. Also, standard laboratory instrumentation such as GC, HPLC [88] and MS is being miniaturised. Miniaturisation of the LC system is compulsory, because the pressure to decrease solvent usage continues. Quite obviously, compact detectors, such as ECD, LIF, UV (and preferably also MS), are welcome. 

UV-filters River, lake and treated wastewater SBSE... 

PLE pressurized liquid extraction, SPE solid phase extraction, UE ultrasonic extraction, DSPE dispersive solid phase extraction, SBSE stir bar sorptive extraction, TD-GC-MS thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, LAS linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, CDEAs coconut diethanol amides, NPEOs nonylphenol ethoxylates, DP degradation products, SPC sulphenyl carboxylates, PCDD dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), PCDF dibenzofurans, PCBs biphenyls... 

El, E2 El, E2, 17ot-E2, EE2, E3 Cleaning SPE and LC SBSE Centrifugation, lyophilization, grinding, sieving USE Cleanup SPE, derivatization with dansyl chloride, LLE with hexane, silica gel column chromatography... 

Baltussen, E., Sandra, P., David, F. and Cramers, C. (1999) Stir bar extraction (SBSE), a novel extraction technique for aqueous samples Theory and principles. J. Microcolumn Sep. 11, 737-747. 

Bicchi, C., loti, C., Rubiolo, P. and Sandra, P. (2002) Headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) applied to the analysis of roasted Arabica coffee and coffee brew. J.Agric. Food Chem. 50, 449-459. 

Abstract A relatively small number of mammalian pheromones has been identified, in contrast to a plethora of known insect pheromones, but two remarkable Asian elephant/insect pheromonal linkages have been elucidated, namely, (Z)-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate and frontalin. In addition, behavioral bioassays have demonstrated the presence of a chemical signal in the urine of female African elephants around the time of ovulation. Our search for possible ovulatory pheromones in the headspace over female African elephant urine has revealed for the first time the presence of a number of known insect pheromones. This search has been facilitated by the use of a powerful new analytical technique, automated solid phase dynamic extraction (SPDE)/GC-MS, as well as by novel macros for enhanced and rapid comparison of multiple mass spectral data files from Agilent ChemStation . This chapter will focus on our methodologies and results, as well as on a comparison of SPDE and the more established techniques of solid phase microextraction (SPME) and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). 

Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) is a more recent development, and offers some advantages over SPME (Baltussen, Sandra, David and Cramers 1999 ... 

Besides classical headspace analysis, simultaneous distillation-extraction and solvent extraction, new sampling and enrichment developments include solvent-assisted flavour evaporation (SAFE) [3] and sorptive techniques like SPME solid-phase microextraction (SPME) [4,5] and stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) [6], which are treated in a dedicated chapter in this book. This contribution will deal with advanced developments of GC techniques for improvement of separation and identification (classical multidimensional GC, or... 

Kreck, M., Scharrer, A., Bilke, S., Mosandl, A. (2002) Enantioselective analysis of monoter-pene compounds in essential oils by stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE)-enantio-MDGC-MS. Flavour Fragrance ]. 17 32-40. 

A novel solventless simple technique for extraction of organic analytes from aqueous samples, stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), was introduced by Baltus-sen et al. [41]. 

SBSE takes advantage of the high enrichment factors of sorptive beds, but with the application range and simplicity of solid-phase microextraction (SPME)... 

Bicchi C, Cordero C, lori C, Rubiolo P, Sandra P (2000) Headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) in the headspace analysis of aromatic and medicinal plants. J High Resol Chromatogr 23 539 KreckM, Scharrer A, Bilke S, Mosandl A (2001) Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE)—enantio-MDGC-MS, a rapid method for the enantioselective analysis of chiral flavour compoimds in strawberries. Eur Food Res Technol 213 389... 

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