Saturate , total

Bitumen Fraction Off Saturates Total Distillates Heavy Saturates Total Distillates Heavy Saturates... 

The benzomonocyclic saturates total concentration appears to hold constant, although individual components within these types change concentration relative to each other over the geological time and stress experienced by the deposit. 

Figure 5a. GLC fingerprints of Kuwait crude saturates (total saturates, normal and nonnormal paraffins)...

Total saturated/total unsaturated fatty acids Linoleic (18 2) to linolenic (18 3) acid... 

When the total fatty acids of liver are examined it is found that land animals contain 30-40% of the total acids as saturated (mainly palmitic and stearic). In contrast, aquatic animals contain a much higher proportion of unsaturated acids with a saturated total of 10-20%. Very-long-chain unsaturated fatty acids are typical with 12-30% C20 unsaturated and 18% C22 unsaturated acids in aquatic animals (Long, 1961). 

Hexane is the most commonly used alkane in LC work. It is available in both UV and nonspectrophotometric (NS) forms. The UV material is intended for most LC work, whereas the NS form is typically used for extractions followed ly GC work or LC work using a refiactive index (Rl) detector or an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD). Unlike pentane, hexane may be purchased for LC use as either >85% n-hexane and >99.9% total saturated hexane isomers, >96% n-hexane and >99.8% saturated total hexane isomers or >99% n-hexane, and >99.9% total saturated hexane isomers. A premium is paid for every increase in purity as n-hexane ( 20% for 95% n-hexane and 100% for 99% n-hexane). Little, if any, practical chromatographic difference has been reported as long as the remaining impurities are predominantly hexane isomers. 

Table 22.4 Estimates of phosphoric acid vapor pressure and acid evaporation rates in cathode air assuming > air = 2 at 0.2 A/cm and full saturation. Total pressure set to 1 bar.

The total relative mobility is equal to the total mobility of the oil/water bank divided by the base permeability, which is usually the absolute liquid permeability or the permeability to oil at connate water saturation. Total relative mobility varies with saturation because relative permeabilities vary with saturations, as depicted in Fig. 5.84. 

Two additional illustrations are given in Figures 6 and 7 which show fugacity coefficients for two binary systems along the vapor-liquid saturation curve at a total pressure of 1 atm. These results are based on the chemical theory of vapor-phase imperfection and on experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the binary systems. In the system formic acid (1) - acetic acid (2), <() (for y = 1) is lower than formic acid at 100.5°C has a stronger tendency to dimerize than does acetic acid at 118.2°C. Since strong dimerization occurs between all three possible pairs, (fij and not... 

The saturation coverage during chemisorption on a clean transition-metal surface is controlled by the fonnation of a chemical bond at a specific site [5] and not necessarily by the area of the molecule. In addition, in this case, the heat of chemisorption of the first monolayer is substantially higher than for the second and subsequent layers where adsorption is via weaker van der Waals interactions. Chemisorption is often usefLil for measuring the area of a specific component of a multi-component surface, for example, the area of small metal particles adsorbed onto a high-surface-area support [6], but not for measuring the total area of the sample. Surface areas measured using this method are specific to the molecule that chemisorbs on the surface. Carbon monoxide titration is therefore often used to define the number of sites available on a supported metal catalyst. In order to measure the total surface area, adsorbates must be selected that interact relatively weakly with the substrate so that the area occupied by each adsorbent is dominated by intennolecular interactions and the area occupied by each molecule is approximately defined by van der Waals radii. This... 

Flere is the volume of gas required to saturate the monolayer, V the total volume of gas adsorbed, P the sample pressure, P the saturation vapour pressure and C a constant related to the enthalpy of adsorption. The resulting shape of the isothemi is shown plotted in figure Bl.26.6 for C = 500. A plot of P/V(P - Pq) against P/Pq should give a straight line having a slope (C - )/y C and an intercept The BET surface area is... 

A mixture of an acid anhydride and a ketone is saturated with boron trifluoride this is followed by treatment with aqueous sodium acetate. The quantity of boron trifluoride absorbed usually amounts to 100 mol per cent, (based on total mola of ketone and anhydride). Catalytic amounts of the reagent do not give satisfactory results. This is in line with the observation that the p diketone is produced in the reaction mixture as the boron difluoride complex, some of which have been isolated. A reasonable mechanism of the reaction postulates the conversion of the anhydride into a carbonium ion, such as (I) the ketone into an enol type of complex, such as (II) followed by condensation of (I) and (II) to yield the boron difluoride complex of the p diketone (III) ... 

Heat a mixture of 49 g. of acetylmethylurea (3) and 50 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid, with hand stirring, on a steam bath until it is apparent that no more solid is dissolving (4) and continue the heating for 3—4 minutes longer the total time of heating on the steam bath should be 8-12 minutes. Dilute the solution with 50 ml. of water and cool below 10° in an ice bath. Run in slowly and with stirring a cold saturated solution of 38 g. of A.R. sodium nitrite in 55 ml. of water below the level of the liquid. Keep the mixture in the ice bath for 5-10 minutes, filter the solid at the pump and wash it with 8-10 ml. of ice-cold water. Dry the nitrosomethylurea (pale yellow crystals) in the air or in a. vacuum desiccator (5) the yield is 34 g., m.p. 12 124°. 

The values in the table are grams of water contained in a cubic meter (m ) of saturated air at a total pressure 101 325 Pa (1 atm). 

The model implies that at any pressure below the saturation vapour pressure, the fractions of the surface covered with 1, 2,. .., i molecules will be 6 02,.., 0i respectively, so that the thickness of the adsorbed layer will not be constant throughout. On the specific surface area A, therefore, the total number Z of molecules adsorbed will be... 

The effective saturation depth,, represents the depth of water under which the total pressure (hydrostatic plus atmospheric) would produce a saturation concentration equal to for water ia contact with air at 100% relative humidity. This can be calculated usiag the above equation, based on a spatial average value of T, measured by a clean water test. For design purposes,, can be estimated from clean water test results on similar systems, and it can range from 5 to 50% of tank Hquid depth. Effective depth values for coarse bubble diffused air, fine bubble diffused air, and low speed surface aerators are 26 to 34%, 21 to 44%, and 5 to 7%, of the Hquid depth, respectively. 

Cg = the concentration of the saturated solution in contact with the particles, D = a diffusion coefficient (approximated by the Hquid-phase diffusivity), M = the mass of solute transferred in time t, and S = the effective thickness of the liquid film surrounding the particles. For a batch process where the total volume H of solution is assumed to remain constant, dM = V dc and... 

RandomiZation/Interesterification. Transesterification occurs when a carboxyUc acid (acidolysis) or alcohol (alcoholysis) reacts with an ester to produce a different ester (20). Ester—ester interchange is also a form of transesterification. If completely unsaturated triglyceride oil (UUU) reacts with a totally saturated fat (SSS) in the presence of an active catalyst such as sodium, potassium, or sodium alkoxide, triglycerides of intermediate composition may be formed. 

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