Saturate , total content

Lee et al. (1996) applied step-wise crystallization fractionation to SME and reported similar results (Table 1.5). The liquid fraction had a total saturated FAME content = 5.5 wt% and crystallization onset temperature = -7.1 °C (determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), compared to values of 15.6% and 3.7 °C before fractionation. Liquid product yield was also relatively low (25.5%). 

Gonzalez Gomez et al. (2002) applied crystallization fractionation to UCOME (Table 1.5). Following crystallization at a cooling rate = 0.1 °C/min, fractionation reduced CFPP from -1 to -5°C and total saturated FAME content from 19.2 to 14wt%. Again, liquid yields were low (25-30wt%). Krishnamurthy and Kellens (1996) reported that application of crystallization fractionation to TME increases iodine value (IV) from 41 to 60 and reduces CP from 11 to -1 °C with liquid yields of 60-65%. 

Lee et al. (1996) also investigated crystallization fractionation of SME from several solvents. Fractionation from hexane in three sequential steps with a final bath temperature of -28.4 °C resulted in a liquid product yield of 77% and total saturated FAME content of 6.0wt%. Crystallization onset temperature by DSC of the liquid fraction was -5.8 °C. Fractionation of SME from methanol solvent separated into two liquid layers as cooling temperatures approached -1.6°C. Acetone did not reduce crystallization onset temperature of the liquid fraction, and chloroform failed to form crystals at temperatures below -25 °C. Hanna et al. (1996) studied fractionation of TME... 

Total saturated FAME content = 19.2 wt% (before conversion of used cooking oil to biodiesel). 

The content of chemically bound water is approximately that retained on equilibration at 11% RH of a sample not previously dried below saturation. For fully hydrated pastes of typical cements, it is about 32%, referred to thel ignited weight (F13,T35). There are no systematic data relating this quantityi to cement composition. The total content of water essential for completei hydration in a saturated paste is defined as that present in such a pastel having the minimum w/c ratio at which complete hydration is possiblel... 

Total saturated fat content Oleic acid content Finoleic acid content... 

FIGURE 5. Examples of soil moisture retention curves for different textured soils. Heavily textured soils such as clay soils will, in contrast to light textured sandy soils, have a larger total porosity and saturated moisture content, but also large residual moisture contents. 

The salinity may be determined directly as a total content of water-soluble salts, or as a sum of contents of particular ions. The measurement of the specific electric resistance of the soil is a very rough, but simple and rapid method. It is used for soil surveys on a wide scale. For achieving more precise results, it is possible to use a method standardized by measuring the resistance in saturated soil paste (the soil paste is prepared by mixing a soil sample with distilled water to obtain a moderately liquefied paste) and the results are corrected with respect to a temperature of 16°C. Tables are used to convert the measured electrical resistance values to the soil concentration. For more precise data, it is possible to separate the solution from the saturated soil paste and to measure the specific electric conductivity. The solution separated from the soil paste is called the saturated soil extract. 

Calcite, when dissolving, releases to water an equal number of and Ca moles. That is why total content at saturation with calcite is KcozP0,002 CM,ca. At pH below 9, the anion will be present either as HCO/ or CO., and as a result... 

The latter equation describes total content of the carbonate ions in a solution saturated with calcite. This very carbonic acid content may be expressed as CO content after the solution saturation with calcite. Then... 

IR spectroscopy can be used to measure the total hydrocarbon content from a sample. The hydrocarbons are extracted from acidified water using a nonhydrocarbon solvent, e.g., carbon tetrachloride and the absorption measured. IR is normally used to measure the saturated hydrocarbon content of a solution and not the aromatic hydrocarbon content. For example, the absorbance of the extracted material is measured at 2930 cm corresponding to the C-H stretching frequency of CH2 groups, although some methods use multiple frequencies including 2960 cm for... 

Figure 1. Changes in the total contents of (A) polyunsaturated, (B) monounsaturated and (C) saturated fatty acids of flaxseed during germination.

Critical current density. A critical current density jpc exists at which the total membrane resistance increases strongly. It is reached when the water content at the anode side drops below the percolation value for proton conductance. For Nation-type PEMs, estimated critical current densities are found in the range of 1-10 A cm . The critical jpc is proportional to the saturation water content and the first moment of the pore size distribution. 

The total alkane contents in vegetable oils ranges from about 10 to 200 mg/kg. Their amount in sunflower oil is 105 170 mg/kg, and in oHve oil approximately 30-100 mg/kg. The amount of alkanes in the cuticular wax of apples, for instance, is about 33% of the Hpid accompanying substances. About 97% of all hydrocarbons in the cuticular wax are represented by nonacosane ( 79), about 2% by heptacosane ( 77) and the remaining 1% consists mainly of alkanes 75, 78, Cjq and Cjj. The cuticular wax of grapefruits is composed primarily of oxygenated compounds, while the content of alkanes is only around 1%. Fats of marine organisms (e.g. fish Hver oils) contain saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons Cjg and Cj7 or Cji as the main components. The total content of alkanes is about 10-30 mg/kg. 

It is apparent from the diagram that more ordered (highly associated) regions of starch are saturated with water at a lower total content of water in a biopolymer as compared to less ordered regions (point S is to the left of point B). A similar behavior is also observed in agar-water [4, 73, 138] and pectin-water (Figure 21) [4, 140] systems. 

When discussing the health effects of the total saturated fat content of diets, this class of fatty acids has to be compared with some other component of the diet that provides a similar amount of energy (isoenergetic). Otherwise, two variables are being introduced changes in total dietary energy... 

Lipoproteins and their associated apoproteins are strong predictors of the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and apoprotein B are positively correlated with CHD risk high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and apoprotein A1 concentrations are negatively correlated. Controlled dietary trials have now demonstrated that the total saturated fat content and the type of saturated fatty acid in the diet affect serum lipid and lipoprotein levels. 

Saturated fatty acids as a group affect factors involved in cholesterol metabolism. Relative to the carbohydrate content of the diet, a decrease in saturated fat content induces a favorable decrease in serum total and LDL cholesterol concentrations but unfavorably reduces HDL cholesterol concentrations. Both increasing and decreasing effects of saturates on platelet aggregation have been observed, as well as the absence of effect, so results are inconsistent and difficult to interpret. Whether the beneficial effect of a diet low in saturated fat on the prethrombotic state of blood depends on the dietary fiber content is still unclear. 

---