Sarin toxicology

Worek, F., Kirchner, T., Szinicz, L. (1995). Effect of atropine and bispyridinium oximes on respiratory and circulatory function in guinea-pigs poisoned by sarin. Toxicology 95 123-33. 

Burchfield, J.L, Duffy, F.H., and Sim, V.N. (1976). Persistent effect of sarin and dieldrin upon the primate electroencephalogram. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 35, 365-379. 

Dr. Van M. Sim as a volunteer, taking sarin nerve gas from Dr. Bernard McNamara, Chief of the Toxicology Division - courage was one of Van s greatest virtues. 

The quantity of sarin made in October 1993 was 20gms 1 kg in November 1993 5 kg in December 1993 20 kg between February and March 1994. Anthony Tu, Chemistry and Toxicology of Nerve Gas Incidents in Japan in 1994 and 1995, paper presented at the Third Congress of Toxicology in Developing countries (1 September 1996), Cairo. 

Seto, Y., Tsunoda, N., Kataoka, M., Tsuge, K., Nagano, T. (2000). Toxicological analysis of victim s blood and crime scene evidence samples in the sarin gas attack caused by Aum Shinrikyo. National Research Institute of Police Science, Chiba, Japan. Unpublished manuscript. 

Bucci, T.J., and R.M. Parker. 1992. Toxicity Studies on Agents GB and GD (Phase II) 90 Day Subchronic Study of GB (Sarin, Type II) in CD Rats. Final Report. FDA 224-85-0007. DTIC AD-A248618. Prepared by the National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Ark., for the U.S. Army Biomedical Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md. 

Kassa, J., Krocova, Z., Sevelova, L., Sheshko, V., Neubaerova, V., Kasalova, I. (2003). Low-level sarin-induced alteration of immune system reaction in inbred BALB/c mice. Toxicology 187 195-203. 

Yoshida, T. (1994). Toxicological reconsideration of organophosphate poisoning in relation to the possible nerve-gas sarin-poison disaster happened in Matsumoto-city, Nagano. Jpn. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 40 486-97. 

The Tokyo Subway Sarin Attack Toxicological Whole Truth... 

This chapter has discussed sarin toxicity based on experiences of the attacks in Matsumoto and the Tokyo subway, and also the Iran-Iraq war. This section provides some conclusions drawn from the toxicological issues related to sarin. 

Li, Q., Hirata, Y., Kawada, T., Minami, M. (2004). Elevated frequency of sister chromatid exchanges of lymphocytes in sarin-exposed victims of the Tokyo sarin disaster 3 years after the event. Toxicology 201(1-3) 209-17. 

Mioduszewski, R.J., Manthei, J., Way, R., Burnett, D., Gaviola, B., Muse, W., Anthony, J., Durst, D., Sommerville, D., Crosier, R., Thomson, S., Crouse, C. (2001). ECBC low level operational toxicology program Phase I-B inhalation toxicity of sarin vapor in rats as a fimction of exposure concentration and duration. ECBC-TR-183. Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. 

Okumura, T., Nomura, T., Suzuki, T., Sugita, M., Takeuchi, Y., Naito, T., Okumora, S. et al. (2007). The dark morning the experiences and lessons learned from the Tokyo subway sarin attack. In Chemical Warfare Agents Toxicology and Treatment, 2nd edition (T.C. Marrs, R.L. Maynard, F.R. Sidell, eds), pp. 277-303. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK. 

Olson, C.T., Blank, J.A., Kinney, P.H., Singer, A,W. (2000). Neurologic assessment of rats following low doses of sarin, pyridostigmine, chlorpyrifos and DEBT. Toxicology 54 265. 

Proctor, S.P., Heaton, K.J., Heeren, T., White, R.F. (2006). Effects of sarin and cyclosarin exposure during the 1991 Gulf War on neurobehavioral functioning in US army veterans. Neuro-Toxicology 27 931-9. 

Although most toxicological studies were performed as animal studies a few data for humans exist obtained from (1) military volunteers exposed to nonlethal doses of sarin (NRC, 1982, 1985), (2) accidentally intoxicated industrial... 

Although toxicological characterization in terms of mean acute lethal doses for different species is available for all nerve agents, detailed and extensive toxicokinetic data are rare in the literature for most of them with the exception of soman and sarin (Benschop and de Jong, 2001). For VX and in particular GF only a very limited extent of data is obtainable (Reiter et al, 2007 Van der Schans et al, 2003). 

Bartling, A., Worek, F., Szinicz, L., Thiermann, H. (2007). Enzyme-kinetic investigation of different sarin analogues reacting with human acetylcholinesterase and hutyrylcholinesterase. Toxicology Hi 166-72. 

ToxNet, Toxicology data network. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), United States National Library of Medi-cine data for tabun http //toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/ search/f ./temp/ 87NcK0 l data for sarin http //toxnet.nhn. nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f ./temp/ jfAOcY l data for soman http //toxnet.nlm.nih.gOv/cgi-bin/sis/search/f7./temp/... 

Gearhart, J.M. et al. (2005). Cross validation studies for routes of sarin (GB) exposure in the guinea pig preliminary results. Low Level Chemical Warfare Agent Toxicology Research Program FY04 Report and Analysis. AFRL-HE-WP-TR-2005-0054. 

Fluoride ion regeneration of sarin (GB) from minipig tissue and fluids after GB inhalation exposure. Presentation at 42nd Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology, Salt Lake City, UT. Toxicologist 72 (Suppl. 1) 159. 

Tuovinen, K., Kaliste-Korhonen, E., Raushel, F.M., Hanninen, O. (1999). Success of pyridostigmine, physostigmine, eptas-tigmine and phosphotriesterase treatments in acute sarin intoxication. Toxicology 134 169-78. 

Rengstorff, R. H. (1985). Accidental exposure to sarin. Archives of Toxicology, 56, 201-203. 

Sidell, F. R. (1974). Soman and sarin Clinical manifestations and treatment of accidental poisoning by organophosphates. Clinical Toxicology, 7, 1-17. 

Van Den Berg, G.R., Beck, H.C., and Benschop, H.P. 1984. Stereochemical analysis of the nerve agents soman, sarin, tabun, and VX by proton NMR-spectroscopy with optically active shift reagents. Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 33 505-514. 

Genovese, R.E., Oubre, J.L., Jakubowski, E.M., Eleming, P.J., Saxena, A., Rockwood, G.A., Tipparaju, P. and WiUmore, C.B. 2007b. Evaluation of cognitive and biochemical effects of low-level exposure to sarin in rhesus and African green monkeys. Toxicology, 231 11-20. 

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