Salts/salinity

Abr umen, n. (Brewing) clearing the kiln. Abraum-salze, n. pi. abraum salts (saline deposits overlying the rock salt at Stassfurt and elsewhere), -sprengung, /. stripping with explosives. -stoff, m. waste. 

Blood and lymph are approximately isotonic to a cell so that cells do not gain or lose liquid when bathed in these fluids. Pure water is hypotonic and may cause cells to swell and burst. During intravenous feeding, injections, and storage of cell tissue, a salt (saline) solution is used with a concentration of solutes that is essentially isotonic with blood (and hence, with the cell) to prevent cell damage. 

Because of their good electrolyte and hard water stability, ether carboxylates are used in medium (3-10% salt) to high- (10-24% salt) salinity reservoirs in combination with ether sulfates, resp. sulfonates to improve the stability of the microemulsion [188]. 

PUREX ROCK SALT SALINE SALT SEA SALT STERLING TABLE SALT TOP FLAKE USP SODIUM CHLORIDE WHITE CRYSTAL... 

Alberger chlorure de sodium common salt hopper salt natural halite rock salt saline salt sea salt table salt. 

Earth has massive oceans that contain large quantities of dissolved salts. Salinity is a measure of the mass of these dissolved salts. 

Of course, the procedure introduced here for analyzing heavy and transition metals is applicable not only to the investigation of strong bases such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, but to all those matrices in which traces of heavy metals are to be determined in the presence of high alkali metal excess. These matrices include alkali salts, saline waters, and sea water [109], and also salt-rich tissue samples and urine. 

Tolerance to salt, salinity or toxic metals in crop plants, which would allow crops to be irrigated with sea or brackish water, or to be grown in vast areas not now suitable because of high alkali or salt content. 

H.G. BLENDING NATRIUMCHLORID (GERMAN) PUREX ROCK SALT SALINE SALT SEASALT STERLING ... 

CAS 7647-14-5 EINECS/ELINCS 231-598-3 Synonyms Brine Common salt Halite Rock salt Saline... 

Frequent high salinity levels as a result of certain processes (alkylation, latex copolymerization, chlorohydrin process, etc.). Salinity can range from 5 to 25 g l of NaCI- base, CaCl2 base or less often NH Cl-base salts. Salinity is lowered if effluents are mixed 50% with cooling blowdown water (salinity from 0.6 to 3 g l ) ahead of general biological purification. 

Synonyms Brine Common salt Halite Rock salt Saline Salt Sea salt Sodium chloride, natural Sodium chloride, refined Table salt White crystal Classification Inorganic salt Definition Occurs in nature as the mineral halite Empirical CINa Formula NaCI... 

The basic Solvay process remains the dominant production route for soda ash. Its continued success is based on the raw matedals, salt and limestone, being more readily available than natural alkaU. AH soda ash processes are based on the manipulation of saline phase chemistry (6,7) an understanding of which is important both to improving current processes and to the economic development of new alkaU resources. 

Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate may be prepared by neutralization of sulfuric acid with magnesium carbonate or oxide, or it can be obtained directly from natural sources. It occurs abundantly as a double salt and can also be obtained from the magnesium salts that occur in brines used for the extraction of bromine (qv). The brine is treated with calcium hydroxide to precipitate magnesium hydroxide. Sulfur dioxide and air are passed through the suspension to yield magnesium sulfate (see Chemicals frombrine). Magnesium sulfate is a saline cathartic. 

Hydrogen reacts direcdy with a number of metallic elements to form hydrides (qv). The ionic or saline hydrides ate formed from the reaction of hydrogen with the alkali metals and with some of the alkaline-eartb metals. The saline hydrides ate salt-like in character and contain the hydride, ie,, ion. Saline hydrides form when pure metals and H2 react at elevated temperatures (300—700°C). Examples of these reactions ate... 

Salts. Rochelle salt is used in the silvering of mirrors. Its properties of piezoelectricity make it valuable in electric oscillators. Medicinally, it is an ingredient of mild saline cathartic preparations, eg, compound effervescing powder. In food, it can be used as an emulsifying agent in the manufacture of process cheese. 

Tannins occur in many plants and are separated by extraction. At present, only quebracho extract is used as a mud thinner in significant quantity in the United States. Quebracho is an acidic material and performs best at high pH. It is an excellent thinner for lime-treated and cement-contaminated muds. However, it is not effective at high salt concentrations. Sulfomethylated tannin products are functional over a wide range of pH and salinity and have either been treated with chromium for good thermal stabiUty (58) or are chrome free. Concentrations of tannin additives are ca 1.5—18 kg/m (0.5—6 lb/bbl). 

The most commonly used polymers are partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides (32). The optimum degree of hydrolysis depends on the apphcation, injection water composition, and reservoir conditions (33,34). More salt-tolerant acrylamide copolymers may permit this technology in higher salinity injection water (35). Eield apphcations of cross-linked xanthan gum have also been reported (36). 

The substantial decrease of polyacrylamide solution viscosity in mildly saline waters can be uti1i2ed to increase injection rates. A quaternary ammonium salt polymer can be added to the polyacrylamide solution to function as a salt and reduce solution viscosity (144). If the cationic charge is in the polymer backbone and substantially shielded from the polyacrylamide by steric hindrance, formation of an insoluble interpolymer complex can be delayed long enough to complete polyacrylamide injection. Upon contacting formation surfaces, the quaternary ammonium salt polymer is adsorbed reducing... 

Not only may the cooling-tower plume be a source of fog, which in some weather conditions can ice roadways, but the plume also carries salts from the cooling water itself. These salts may come from salinity in the water, or may be added by the cooling-tower operator to prevent corrosion and biological attack in the column. 

Saline Water for Municipal Distribution. Only a very small amount of potable water is actually taken by people or animals internally, and it is quite uneconomical to desalinate all municipally piped water, although all distributed water must be clear and free of harmful bacteria. Most of the water piped to cities and industry is used for Htfle more than to carry off small amounts of waste materials or waste heat. In many locations, seawater can be used for most of this service. If chlorination is requited, it can be accompHshed by direct electrolysis of the dissolved salt (21). Arrayed against the obvious advantage of economy, there are several disadvantages use of seawater requites different detergents sewage treatment plants must be modified the usual metal pipes, pumps, condensers, coolers, meters, and other equipment corrode more readily chlorination could cause environmental poUution and dual water systems must be built and maintained. 

Although 600 m of water is used to make a metric ton of fertilizer, 150—240 m to make a tonne of steel, 480 m to make a tonne of gasoline, and 1000 m to make a tonne of acetate fiber, Htde if any is required chemically in any of these processes. Recycling can reduce industrial requirements by a factor of 10—50. Much of this water, particularly that for cooling, and often that for washing, can be saline. Some petroleum refiners have used salt water to remove heat (water s principal role in gasoline production), and some have actually produced table salt by evaporation in cooling towers. 

Saline waters, including seawater, contain, besides a variety of inorganic salts, also organic materials and various particles. They differ in composition from site to site, and also change with time as a result of both natural and human causes. Design and operation of desalination plants requires good knowledge of the saline water composition and properties (41,44). 

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