Salmonella typhimurium infection

MacFarlane, A.S. et al., Morphine increases susceptibility to oral Salmonella typhimurium infection, J. Infect. Dis., 181, 1350, 2000. 

Baumler, A. J., Tsolis, R. M., and Heffron, F. (1996b). Contribution of flmbrial operons to attachment to and invasion of epithelial cell lines by Salmonella typhimurium. Infect. Immun. 64,1862-1865. 

Webb MS, Boman NL, Wiseman DJ, et al. Antibacterial efficacy against an in vivo Salmonella typhimurium infection model and pharmacokinetics of a liposomal ciprofloxacin formulation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998 42 45. 

TABLE I. Salmonella typhimurium Infection in Calves Delayed Skin Reactivity with Specificity for O-Antigenic Polysaccharide Chain... 

S. B. Svenson, M. Nurminen, and A. A. Lindberg, Artificial Salmonella vaccines O-Antigenic oligosaccharide-protein conjugates induce protection against infection with Salmonella typhimurium, Infect Immun., 25 (1979) 863-872. 

Buchmeier, N.A. Heffron, F. Inhibition of macrophage phagosome-lysosome fusion by salmonella typhimurium. Infect. Immun. 1991, 59, 2232-2238. 

Lloyd, A.B., Cumming, R.B., and Kent, R.D. 1977. Prevention of Salmonella typhimurium infection in poultry by pretreatment of chickens and poults with intestinal extracts. Aust. Vet. J. 53, 82-87. 

Thygesen P, Martinsen C, Hougen HP, et al. Histologic, cytologic, and bacteriologic examination of experimentally induced Salmonella typhimurium infection in Lewis rats. Comp Med. 2000 50 124-132. 

CDC, Human Salmonella Typhimurium Infections Linked to Exposure to Clinical and Teaching Microbiology Laboratories, found at http //www.cdc.gov/salmonella/typhimurium-labs-06-14/index.htnil,... 

Classification of bacterial viruses In the bacterial viruses, a formal classification scheme is rarely used. Rather, each bacterial virus is designated in terms of its principal bacterial host, followed by an arbitrary alphanumeric. Thus, we speak of T4 virus of Escherichia coli or P22 virus of Salmonella typhimurium. An overview of some of the major types of bacterial viruses is given later. We should note, however, that although a bacterial virus may be designated in reference to its principal host, the actual host range of the virus may be broader. Thus, bacteriophage Mu, generally studied with Escherichia coli, also infects Citrobacter and Salmonella. 

Most of the bacterial viruses which have been studied in any detail infect bacteria of the enteric group, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. However, viruses are known that infect a variety of procaryotes, both eubacteria and archaebacteria. A few bacterial viruses have lipid envelopes but most do not. However,... 

Giannasca, K. T., Giannasca, P. J., and Neutra, M. R. (1996). Adherence of Salmonella Typhimurium to Caco-2 cells Identification of a glycoconjugate receptor. Infect. Immun. 64,135-145. 

Hudault, S., Lievin, V., Bernet-Camard, M. F., and Servin, A. L. (1997). Antagonistic activity exerted in vitro and in vivo by Lactobacillus casei (strain GG) against Salmonella typhimurium C5 infection. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63, 513-518. 

Jones, B. D., Ghori, N., and Falkow, S. (1994). Salmonella typhimurium initiates murine infection by penetrating and destroying the specialized epithelial M cells of the Peyer s patches. /. Exp. Med. 180,15-23. 

McCormick, B. A., Stocker, B. A., Laux, D. C., and Cohen, P. S. (1988). Roles of motility, chemotaxis, and penetration through and growth in intestinal mucus in the ability of an avirulent strain of Salmonella typhimurium to colonize the large intestine of streptomycin-treated mice. Infect. Immun. 56, 2209-2217. 

In the more recent Chicago outbreak of Salmonellosis, which has been attributed to milk contaminated with a tetracycline-resistant strain of Salmonella typhimurium. there were two deaths verified as resulting from infections with the resistant strain of Salmonel la in 16 284 confirmed cases. If one pools these cases with those cited in the NRDC petition then the incidence of mortality (0.09%) is similar or than that of persons affected by antibiotic-sensitive Salmone1 la (0.21%) also cited by NRDC. Thus the similarity of risks of human infections with resistant and sensitive strains of SaImone 11a agrees with research data obtained in controlled experiments (Smith 15). 

Free secretatory component is abundant in breast milk and may on its own block epithelial adhesion of, and thereby limit infection by enterotoxigenic . coli (de Araujo and Giugliano, 2001), Salmonella typhimurium (Bessler et ah, 2006), C. difficile toxin A (Dallas and Rolfe, 1998), and pneumococcus (Hammerschmidt et ah, 1997). 

Gubarev, M. L, Enioutina, E. Y, Taylor, J. L., Visic, D. M., Daynes, R. A. (1998). Plant-derived glycoalkaloids proteet miee against lethal infection with Salmonella typhimurium. Phytother. Res., 12, 79-88. 

Numerous episodes have occurred in which humans have developed drug-resistant nontyphoid Salmonella infections that have been traced to animal sources (23). These bacteria can be transmitted to humans in food or through direct contact with animals. Antimicrobial resistance limits the tlierapeutic options available to veterinarians and physicians for the subset of clinical cases of nontyphoid Salmonella that require treatment. A recent example is a clone of Salmonella typhimurium DT 104 with chromosomally encoded resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, chloramphenicol and sulfonamides, which has become increasingly common in humans in England and Wales since 1990 (24). Since 1992, only Salmonella enteritidis has accounted for more cases of human salmonellosis than Salmonella typhimurium DT 104 (25, 26). Multiresistant DT 104 has currently emerged in several European countries (27-29) outbreaks have been also reported in the United States in both cattle (30) and humans (31). 

It has been reported that common serotypes of Salmonella were found responsible for human bacteremia in 0.5-2.5% of culture-confirmed salmonellosis cases in the United Kingdom and in fewer than 6% in the United States. Untreated or ineffectively treated Salmonella bacteremia in humans can be fatal. There has been only one published case of a nonfatal infection by a Salmonella typhimurium DT204c resistant strain of animal origin that failed to respond to fluoroquinolone therapy (33). 

Figure 10. IgG antibody titers against three Salmonella O-antigen 4-containing antigens as estimated by ELISA in serum samplesfrom a patient with S. typhimurium infection. Key A, Salmonella BO LPS IO OX m, AMRC-BSA and o, AM-(CH -BSA.

In the last decade, Salmonella enteritidis has been the source of many outbreaks involving egg products through transovarian infection from hen to egg. In the last few years, Salmonella typhimurium DT 104 and other antibiotic-resistant salmonellae have also recently become a concern [3]. 

D. C. Watson, J. B. Robbins, and S. C. Szu, Protection of mice against Salmonella typhimurium with an O-specific polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine, Infect Immun., 60 (1992) 4679-4686. 

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