Specimen saliva

Steroids are now measured in urine, blood, and saliva specimens. 

Saliva specimens should be collected after a thorough mouth rinsing, centrifuged to remove debris, and frozen immediately. Samples can be heat treated at 56 °C for 2 hours to reduce interference by saliva matrix. 

Throat swabs, blood withdrawals, nasal washes and saliva samples are isolated on the indicated (X) days. Blood specimens (3 mL) are taken by venipuncture from the cephalic vein. Nasal washes are collected by instilling 1.5 mL of sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) into the nostril and immediately aspirating wash fluid and secretions with a sterile S5uinge. Saliva specimens are collected by aspiration from the cheek pouch. Prior to throat swabbing, clinical scoring of tonsillitis and pharyngeal erythema severity is performed by a trained veterinarian who is blinded to the two animal groups. 

In alcohol testing, an anal3dical procedure to determine whether a driver may have a prohibited concentration of alcohol in a breath or saliva specimen. 

Array detectors, in general, clearly have an important role to play in personalization of medical care. A recent example of work in this field is the development of nanobiochips for multiplexed protein detection of three cancer biomarkers, namely, carcinoembiyonic antigen, cancer antigen 125, and Her-2INeu in serum and saliva specimens. ... 

Hair has been also an object of analysis to detect the consumption of opium alkaloids [68, 78, 83]. This matrix has attracted a lot of attention for the easy and noninvasive sample collection and difflcult adulteration compared to the plasma, urine, and saliva specimens. In addition, hair samples are more stable in storage and can provide a wider detection time window, which can reveal the history of drug abuse. 

A radioimmune assay for PCP in saliva and serum showed that saliva could be used as a specimen for PCP analysis (McCarron et al. 

For primary isolation of HIV, patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are collected, the usual inoculum being 106-107 cells. This is the most productive specimen, although virus has been cultured from plasma, semen, tears, saliva, breast milk, and brain tissue. The virus can be cultured from patient specimens at any time in the course of disease, during which the titer changes. Blood contains approximately 60 TCID50% (50% tissue culture infective dose) per milliliter when a person is asymptomatic, and about 7000TCID50/ml in later stages of HIV disease. 

Kintz P, Samyn N. 2002. Use of alternative specimens drugs of abuse in saliva and doping agents in hair. Ther Drug Monit 24 239. 

The German Environmental Specimen Bank, initiated in 1985, annually samples and archives specimens to determine the effectiveness of environmental regulations and to conduct retrospective monitoring (European Commission 2004). The bank collects six types of human specimens— whole blood, blood plasma, scalp hair, pubic hair, saliva, and 24-hour urine samples from people 20-29 years old in four cities (Munster, Halle/ Saale, Greifswald, and Ulm). Screening is conducted to determine the pres-... 

Laboratories must develop the ability to test specimen types and sample volumes that can be collected with less invasive sampling techniques to facilitate subject participation, especially in studies involving children. More sensitive analytic methods can allow collection of smaller specimens this is especially important in studies involving newborns and children (Barr et al. 2005). Additional analytic methods must be developed and validated to address specimens less invasively obtained (such as saliva, exhaled breath, and breast milk). 

Zuidema J, Hold KM, de Boer D, Maes RA (1996) Saliva as a specimen for therapeutic drug monitoring in pharmacies. Pharm World Sci 18(6) 193-194... 

CZE offers the potential of ultramicroanalyses of enzymatic activities in biological samples. This application could be useful in forensic cases when only trace amounts of biological specimens are available—for example, in the detection of amylase activity from saliva extracted from stamps or envelopes. 

The textural implications of the above characteristics of the stress-strain relationships are not always clear. When one examines a bread loaf or a roll with the fingers to evaluate its freshness, it seems obvious that the perceived mechanical stimulus is associated with the first region of the curve. Yet, in mastication, the compact s resistance to tearing probably plays a more significant role than the first and second stages of the compression. At the point where the bread crumb is tom, however, the specimen may have already been wetted by saliva so that the relationship between the stress-strain characteristics of the dry sponge and its perceived textural properties is usually obscured. 

Step 1. Antibody-coated beads are placed onto the magnetic terminals of the transfer device (see Fig. 6) then dropped simultaneously into wells of a Microtiter plate (Fig. 7) containing appropriately diluted specimens (serum or saliva). 

Among other tools applied in forensic science, pyrolytic techniques are very useful as they require a very small amount of sample and are appropriate for comparisons. Being done for a specific purpose, pyrolysis of forensic specimens is done for both small and polymeric molecules. Also, no differentiation between natural or synthetic materials is of interest. However, organic biomolecules play an important role as samples in forensic analyses. Stains of blood [3], traces of saliva [11], hair [12], chewing gums, etc. were subjects of analyses using pyrolytic methods for forensic purposes. 

Regarding tissues and body fluids to be analyzed, blood and urine serve most frequently as source material, although the interest of forensic analytical chemists can be easily extended to other specimens (e.g., saliva, bile, or vitreous humor). A tissue that has attracted a lot of inter-... 

Many errors can occur during the collection, processing, and transport of biological specimens. Minimizing these errors win result in more reliable information for use by healthcare professionals. Examples of biological specimens that are analyzed in clinical laboratories include whole blood serum plasma urine feces saliva spinal, synovial, amniotic, pleural, pericardial, and ascitic fluids and various types of solid tissue. The National Committee for CMnical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) has published several procedures for collecting many of these specimens under standardized conditio ns.In addition, the NCCLS has published documents related to sample collection and analysis for specialized tests, such as sweat chloride (see also Chapter 27). 

Direct determination of trace elements is made in many types of specimens including whole blood, blood plasma or serum, leukocytes, urine, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), breast milk, and sweat. Tissue samples may be obtained by needle biopsy (liver, bone,) or following an autopsy. Hair and nail samples offer a noninvasive means of sampling tissue and are used to assess toxic metal exposure. Measurements of hair and nails for essential elements may be of value on a group basis during studies of severely depleted populations but are of Umited value in the investigation of individual hospital patients. Problems of external contamination from environmental pollution, cosmetics, shampoos, and other sources are difficult to control. ... 

Similar techniques are used to measure alcohol in blood, serum, saliva, or urine and for postmortem specimens (e.g. vitreous fluid and skeletal muscle). Determination of ethanol in expired air requires specialized breath alcohol analyzers (see section on Breath Alcohol). 

Salivary Specimens. Cortisol is stable in saliva for 1 week at 4 °C and for 4 months when stored frozen. Freezing of specimens is recommended because it leads to precipitation of salivary glycoproteins and leaves a nonviscous liquid for pipetting. ... 

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