Enzyme manufacturing

Enzyme manufacturers have developed formulations that minimize the release of enzyme dust. In the case of Hquid preparations, handling precautions recommend users to avoid the formation of aerosol sprays. In all cases, direct contact with the skin or eyes should be avoided. Enzymes have a good record of occupational health and safety. 

Fessner, W.D. (1992) Enzymic manufacture of enantio- and diastereomerically pure ketoses and their 1-... 

This independent company based on R D activities, also offers consultancy services aiming to establish contact between suppliers and end users. Laboratory specialized analysis of enzymatic activity, biochemical properties or physicochemical properties is offered to the enzyme manufacturer, together with support for developing new... 

Enzyme kinetics, 10 254-256 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 3 801-802 14 136 Enzyme manufacturers associations,... 

The most straightforward way of using sohd enzymes in organic media is to suspend the solid enzyme directly in the solvent. If one wants to get quick results from a bioconversion and does not want to optimise the efficiency of the enzyme, this method is the obvious first choice. There are many example in the hterature where enzymes have been used successfully in synthesis just as powders directly from the enzyme manufacturer. Sometimes there is a need to dissolve the enzyme powder and re-lyophilise it from a buffer with a more suitable composition, see the section 9.6 pH control in non-conventional media . 

Enzymes sales are estimated to be about 10 /a world-wide. Biocatalysts are subject to a derived-demand arising from the industrial applications in which they are used, for processing raw materials to products that can be sold in their own right. Therefore the commercial importance of biocatalysts is very much greater than these sales of enzymes would indicate. Such sales values are really only of importance to enzyme manufacturer companies. Biocatalysts enable the value of raw materials to be enhanced considerably and the cost of the biocatalyst often represents only a few percent of the final value of product and the total processing costs (Table 13.2). Also, simple enzyme sales values do not include the enzymes that are made and used in-house, as occurs both for many... 

The enzyme manufactures a second messenger in response to its interactions with the dual cooperating receptors (Fig. 2—28) but cannot do this by interaction with either of the receptors separately. 

Wash trials are carried out by the use of soiled test pieces, eg, commonly used stains for protease evaluation are milk, blood, and grass. Commercial pre-soiled test pieces also may contain particulate matter, eg, carbon black, as part of the stain matrix. Test materials are available ready-to-use from a number of research and testing institutes in Europe and the United States, eg, Center for Testmaterials, Vlaardingen, Holland Wascherei Forschungs Institut, Krefeld, Germany EMPA, St. Gallen, Switzedand Institut voor Reinigingstechnieken TNO, Delft, Holland and Testfabrics, Middlesex, New Jersey. Alternatively, enzyme manufacturers can supply preparation procedures. 

K. Tachikawa, J. Sasaki, H. Asano, and S. Nakata, Glycosyl sucrose fatty esters enzymic manufacture, JP Patent 2002105193 Chem. Abstr., 136 (2002) 278508. 

Kinetics studies were conducted at 65 1°C in a jacketed batch reactor. Five hundred milliliters or 1 L of buffer was added to the reactor and heated to the assay temperature. The buffer pH was chosen according to the optima specified by the enzyme manufacturers. Corn flour (100-300 g/L) was then added to the reactor, along with a specified quantity of either soluble or immobilized amylase to initiate hydrolysis. Samples were collected at regular intervals over 30-60 min, and centrifuged to separate solids. The supernatant was analyzed for sugar content by measuring the %Brix with an optical refractometer. 

Previous efforts have failed to identify an enzyme with robust Ceph C amidase activity. Some glutaryl-7-ACA acylases can directly convert Ceph C to 7-ACA, but they do so with very poor efficiency and have not been considered for a single-enzyme manufacturing process.30-33 Nonetheless, glutary 1-7-AC A acylases with measurable activity on Ceph C are classified as cephalosporin C acylases. Mutagenesis approaches such as ePCR have been used in an attempt to improve the activity of these enzymes on Ceph C, but only marginal improvements in the desired activity have... 

Nanjo, F., Enzymic Manufacture, Isolation, and Purification of Cyclic Inulooligosaccharides, Japanese Patent 2004329092, 2004. 

The ability of enzyme manufacturers to design enzyme preparations and processes for specific food applications is limited only by the ability of the food processor to identify and communicate specific application needs to the enzyme manufacturers. 

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