Bleaching sodium hypochlorite

Vesicants that have entered the body are metabolized, hydrolyzed, or bound to tissue and pose little threat of off-gassing. To remove agents on the outside of the body, wash the remains with a 2% sodium hypochlorite bleach solution (i.e., 2 gallons of water for... 

If a liquefaction efficiency of 97% is assumed, the hypothetical 600 tpd plant will lose 18 tpd to tail gas. It is also assumed that the tail gas is diverted to production of sodium hypochlorite bleach with a sales value of US 50 per ton of chlorine equivalent, while the chlorine feeding the EDC unit has a value of US 180 per ton. The lost chlorine will cost the producer more than US 800 000 per year. Even this figure ignores the facts that an equivalent quantity of caustic soda is consumed and that there will be a marketing cost associated with the bleach product. 

One company which purchases 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine as the dihydrochloride salt in sealed fiber in drums rinses the empty drums with water, adds the rinse water to the product stream, then sprays the drums with a sodium hypochlorite bleach solution (converting the 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine to a quinone-type compound), and places them in polyethylene bags for disposal (London and Boiano 1986). 

When all assessments are complete, euthanize larvae by immersion in a 0.3 mg/mL solution of Tricaine (15). An alternative method of euthanasia for fish larvae of 4-7 dpf is immersion in a 1.2% sodium hypochlorite (bleach) solution (16). Leave the larvae in euthanasia agent for at least 10 min. 

Caution. Chalcogenophenols have an unpleasant odor and are toxic. H2S, H2Se, or H2Te may be liberated on treatment with acid or exposure to the open air. These compounds should therefore be handled under inert gas in a well-ventilated hood. Contaminated glassware should be treated with sodium hypochlorite (bleach) solution for several hours and rinsed thoroughly with water and acetone before removal from the fume hood. Mercury and mercury salts are highly toxic, and skin and eye contact must be avoided. Mercury residues should be disposed of as toxic heavy metal waste. 

Gaseous chlorine is the preferred biocide in almost all large process cooling systems, with sodium hypochlorite (bleach), isocyanurates, chlorine dioxide, and other supply forms being used in lesser volumes. 

The standard disinfectant for many of the world s potable drinking water supply systems (ozone and others are also widely used) and the product of choice for large cooling systems, usually available as a gas for lowest cost, but can be provided by liquids such as sodium hypochlorite (bleach) or solids such as calcium hypochlorite or isocyanurates. Any process contaminant leak tends to increase the chlorine demand, requiring additional chlorine to maintain disinfection rate. Poor penetrant of biomass and significantly reduced efficiencies over pH 8.0. 

Chlorine sulfite can be used to detect syringyl lignin. The specimen is placed above a tissue soaked in a sodium hypochlorite ( bleach ) solution for 30 minutes. A 3% (w/v) solution of sodium sulfite (Na2S03) is applied to the specimen for 5-10 minutes. Lignin will stain orange to red. 

The most important (and also the most expensive) grapefruit aroma compound is the bicyclic terpene nootkatone. It is manufactured by oxidation of valencene, which is extracted from Valencia oranges. Figure 1.23 shows two routes for this oxidation, a stoichiometric reaction using chromium trioxide, and a catalytic alternative using sodium hypochlorite (bleach) in the presence of 1 mol% osmium tetraoxide catalyst. 

Small Quantities. Wear Viton rubber gloves,16 laboratory coat, and eye protection. Work in the fume hood. For each 0.05 mol (3.8 g, 3.0 mL) of carbon disulfide to be destroyed, use 670 mL of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) or a mixture of 55 g of 65% calcium hypochlorite in 220 mL of water. Place the hypochlorite in flask equipped with dropping funnel, stirrer, and thermometer, and add the carbon disulfide dropwise such that the reaction temperature is maintained between 20 and 30°C (to avoid volatilizing of the carbon disulfide). When addition is complete, continue stirring for 2 hours or until a clear, homogeneous solution remains (perhaps containing traces of oily by-products). The reaction mixture can be washed into the drain.18... 

Goffin, V., Pierard, G.E., Henry, F., Letawe, C., and Maibach, H. Sodium hypochlorite, bleaching agents and the stratum corneum. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 37, 199-202 (1997). 

Hazards Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) is a strong oxidizer and should be kept away from combustible liquids. Iodine is an irritant so avoid skin contact, and inhalation of fumes or vapors. 

Summary Bleach can be made using an electrochemical process whereby pickling salt is electrolyzed. During the process, chlorine gas is evolved at the anode, and sodium hydroxide is liberated at the cathode. As the process proceeds, the chlorine reacts with the sodium hydroxide forming sodium hypochlorite (bleach). Some chlorine gas does escape, so use proper ventilation when carrying out this operation. 

Chlorine is commonly used to kill microbes in pretreatment prior to RO and to break up organics that may foul RO membranes. It is used rather than other halogens because of its higher ORP. Chlorine is available in many forms, such as chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite (bleach), chloramines, and chlorine dioxide. Chlorine gas and sodium hypochlorite each react with water to form hypochlorous acid, as shown in Equations 8.5 and 8.6, respectively. 

Primary alcohols and aldehydes are commonly oxidized to acids by chromic acid (H2Cr04, formed from Na2Cr207 and H2SO4). Sodium hypochlorite (bleach, NaOCl) is a chromium-free alternative to chromic acid (Sections 11-2B and 18-19). 

Silver perchlorate forms deliquescent crystals, which decompose when heated to 486 Celsius. It is freely soluble in water saturated solution contains 85% by weight silver perchlorate making it one of the most water soluble compounds known lithium perchlorate being number 1. It is also soluble in aniline, pyridine, benzene, nitromethane, glycerol, and chlorobenzene. It can form solvated crystals with aniline, benzene, and toluene all explode on percussion. Silver perchlorate forms a hydrate, which melts at 43 Celsius. It can be made by reacting sodium hypochlorite (bleach) with silver bromide. 

HCN is lighter than air and has a long half-life in air. However, in open spaces, HCN is rapidly dispersed and is diluted to nontoxie concentrations. Cyanide does not bind to soil or plant material, but can mix with water. Contaminated water can be treated with ozone, hydrogen peroxide, or ealeium/sodium hypochlorite bleach. Rescue personnel should wear boots, gloves, goggles, Ml protective clothes, and a self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus as the potential for secondary contamination is high (AAR, 2000). 

Contains additives used to neutralize residuals of halogen-based disinfectants, such as sodium hypochlorite (bleach). Contains additives used to neutralize residuals of halogen and quaternary ammonium chloride-based disinfectants. Samples collected using sterile swabs and buffer solution must be transferred to media for culturing and enumeration. (Courtesy of Northview Biosciences, Inc., Northbrook, IL.)... 

Solubility practically insoluble in water, dilute acids, and most organic solvents although it disperses in most liquids. Slightly soluble in 5% w/v sodium hydroxide solution. Powdered cellulose does not swell in water, but does so in dilute sodium hypochlorite (bleach). 

Hypochlorites Sodium hypochlorite (bleaching solution) is utilized for the bleaching and decolorization of pulp and textiles, for disinfection, e.g. in swimming baths, and for the manufacture of hydrazine (Section 1.4.2). 

A common method used in manufacturing sodium hypochlorite bleach is by the reaction... 

Advantages of sodium hypochlorite bleaching over bleaching powder... 

Sodium Hypochlorite Bleaching of Cotton, M.S. thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1946. 

Pentasodium tripolyphosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium silicate, sodium citrate Sodium hypochlorite (bleach), polyacrylate sodium salts (rheology modifier), carbopol (rheology modifier), enzymes (cleaning aid), monostearyl acid phosphate (suds depressant)... 

Pine oil (disinfectant), orange oil (cleaning), benzalkylonium cationics (antimicrobial), sodium hypochlorite (bleach), calcium carbonate (cleaning), acids/alkalis (cleaning)... 

Upjohn and Pharmacia have used the steroidal intermediate, bisnoraldehyde, to make progesterone and corticosteroids for many years. Recently, they developed a new oxidation process for conversion of the primary alcohol to bisnoraldehyde (4.63). This uses sodium hypochlorite bleach with 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-l-piperidiny-loxy radical in a two-phase system.299... 

Reduce agitation speed and add the sodium hypochlorite bleach. (The product will drop in viscosity at this point.)... 

---